CC - Item 3B - Resolution 200-68DEC 1 u %OOO
ITEM No.
staf epor
TO: HONORABLE MAYOR
AND MEMBERS
ROSEMEAD CITY COUNCIL
FROM: FRANK G. TRIPEPI, CITY MANAGER _4~
i
DATE: DECEMBER.19, 2000
RE: RESOLUTION NO. 2000-68 - URGING IMMEDIATE FEDERAL AND STATE
GOVERNMENT INTERVENTION AND REFORM IN THE CALIFORNIA
ELECTRIC ENERGY MARKETPLACE
The 1998 state deregulation of the electric utility market was supposed to bring competition into the
marketplace, with resulting benefits of reduced costs and improved services to businesses and
consumers. However, the restructuring process has produced numerous unintended and adverse
consequences that are causing serious supply shortages and adverse economic impacts and hardships.
Federal and state government action is required to avoid further economic disruptions and restore
order in the marketplace.
RECOMMENDATION:
Staff recommends that the City Council adopt Resolution No. 2000-68 and forward a copy thereof to
Senators Dianne Feinstein and Barbara Boxer, Governor Gray Davis, Congresswoman Grace
Napolitano, Congresswoman-elect Hilda Solis, Assemblymember Gloria Romero, and Anthony
Gonsalves.
RESOLUTION NO. 2000 - 68
A RESOLUTION OF THE CITY COUNCIL OF THE CITY OF ROSEMEAD
URGING IMMEDIATE FEDERAL AND STATE GOVERNMENT INTERVENTION
AND REFORM IN THE CALIFORNIA ELECTRIC ENERGY MARKETPLACE
WHEREAS, in the 1990s, the California Public Utilities Commission and the State Legislature
acted to deregulate the electric utility industry in the State of California; and
WHEREAS, the transition and restructuring of this decades-old structure of area-specific
monopolies has been managed by the California Public Utilities Commission
under legislative mandate, mainly from Assembly Bill 1890 and Senate Bill 90;
and
WHEREAS, the objective of electric market deregulation was to bring competition in
electricity supply to the state and benefits of reduced costs and improved services
to.businesses and consumers; and
WHEREAS, the results of electric industry deregulation was supposed to produce lower rates
and improved customer services; unfortunately, these results have not been
achieved in California; and
WHEREAS, before California deregulated its electricity industry in 1998, three investor
owned utilities delivered 80% of the electricity consumed in the state, under the
watchful eyes of state regulators who set the rates that the companies could.
charge; and
WHEREAS, as a part of the restructuring process, these utilities have been forced to sell their
power plants to private companies, with the new owners now selling their
electricity back to these same utilities through the marketplace at what have
become dramatically inflated prices that are causing economic hardship and
dislocation to businesses and consumers alike; and
WHEREAS, since deregulation, California has attracted only a handful of new suppliers, and
that lack of competition has compounded shortages of electricity, which have
become acute because the state has not allowed a single new power plant to be
built in the last 10 years; and
WHEREAS, without intervention by the Federal government, Governor and State
Legislature, millions of Californians will face dramatic increases in power costs
in the near future, not to mention, adverse impacts from the disruption in
commerce caused by power outages and energy cost spikes.
NOW, THEREFORE, BE IT RESOLVED that the City Council of the City of Rosemead urges
the Federal government, Governor and State Legislature to prevent the complete meltdown of
the California electric marketplace through immediate intervention and reform actions.
Further, the City Council believes the following principles should guide the electricity
marketplace reform and restructuring:
1. There must be a reliable supply of electricity - Utilities should once again be charged
with responsibility to plan for, acquire and assure sufficient power to meet the state's
needs without the threat of interruption. Utilities need the right tools to assure
reliability, and regulatory reform to streamline decision-making and clarify
accountability. .
2. Electricity must be affordable - California's economic future cannot continue to be
held hostage to market manipulation. We need a system of cost-based wholesale pricing
where the majority of power is either generated by the utility companies for their
customers, as it was before 1996, or is arranged and delivered under long-term
contracts to the utility companies at stabilized costs
3. Both the price and supply of electricity must be determined under a stable framework-
Customers have to be protected from price volatility. Utilities have to be strong enough
to afford that protection, to borrow sufficient funds for operations, and to make vital
investments in service reliability. No matter who supplies the electricity, everyone must
pay his or her fair share for its delivery provided that the current practice of "price
gouging" is eliminated.
4. Investigate market manipulation and anti-competitive practices - The Federal Energy
Regulatory Commission, California Public Utilities Commission, State Legislature, and
Congress should investigate the seriously flawed California electricity marketplace for
evidence of anti-competitive practices by power suppliers who are suspected of
manipulating the wholesale market price of energy at the expense of California utilities
and ratepayers. Enterprises found to have engaged in market manipulation should be
prosecuted to the fullest extent of the law.
DONE THIS 19th DAY OF DECEMBER, 2000
MAYOR
ATTEST:
CITY CLERK
How State's Consumers Lost With Electricity Deregulation
Los Angeles Times, Dec. 9, 2000, By
Nancy Vogel, SACRAMENTO-It has
become one of the most expensive public
policy miscalculations in California history:
Electric Shock
Whhoul Inter,andon by legielatora and regulators.
millions of Californians could face drematle increases
in„parer costa In 2002.
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A 1996 state deregulation plan that was
supposed to make electricity cheaper instead
shifted billions of dollars from utilities and
consumers to energy companies and
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electricity brokers.
and balm, what that W0 could be after a rate freeze
expire, In parch 2002.
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California businesses and residents paid
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jump 600% during that time, with about $100 million coming from California.
The dramatic increases are the result of critical misjudgments by the California Public
Utilities Commission and the state Legislature, the two main architects of the plan to
open the market.
Most serious were:
` A gross underestimation of demand as the state's economy came to life after years of
recession and California's burgeoning computer-based businesses ate up electricity at
rates unheard of in the old economy.
* A failure to anticipate that energy companies could easily exploit a mechanism
designed to ensure the even flow of electricity. By holding back electricity and selling
when the system was desperate, they could earn double the going rate.
* A faulty assumption that deregulation would prompt more competition right away:
Hundreds of companies were expected to serve homeowners, but they didn't materialize.
At times, a few power plant owners can effectively control the price of electricity.
In their attempt to foster competition, the designers of deregulation traded a monopoly in
which government set rates for a new marketplace in which prices can fluctuate.
The first place to suffer the consequences was San Diego, where prices doubled and
tripled. By July, the monthly electric bill for William Scerni's coin laundry in a poor
neighborhood in Oceanside jumped from $1,100 to $2,600. He raised the cost of a wash
on his 30 most popular washing machines by 25 cents--which generated only $800 more
a month.
This week, the panic spread. Officials begged customers to keep holiday lights off and
warned of blackouts in a season when power demands are relatively low. To avoid
blackouts, they bought power at astronomical prices that will be passed on to debt-
burdened utilities.
A few cities-including Los Angeles, Glendale, Burbank, Riverside, Anaheim and '
Sacramento--are unaffected, because they own their power systems and are exempt from
deregulation. But rate shock looms for 24 million Californians served by the state's two
largest utilities, Southern California Edison and Pacific-Gas & Electric Co.
For the moment, those consumers are protected by a rate freeze. But the utilities, which
serve 5.6 million people in Los Angeles County, and millions more in surrounding areas,
have paid $6 billion more for electricity than they can legally charge customers, and
assert that they will be crippled unless regulators allow, them to recover those costs.
"California was hailed as the model for the rest of the nation," said consumer advocate.
Harry Snyder. "And it has been a model--on how not to do it."
The stakes are far-reaching: the political ambitions of California's governor, the
economic future of new industries and old, and the future of national energy policy.
Price spikes in California last summer drove electricity costs across the West high
enough to trigger the shutdown of mines, aluminum factories and sawmills.
Nevada's governor, alarmed by California's experience, recently suspended his state's
launch of deregulation. Arkansas is moving to delay deregulation by at least two years.
Twenty-five states moving toward deregulation could be affected by the outcome in
California.
Some fear deregulation was a solution for an old economy that has been eclipsed.
California is now at ground zero of the Internet boom, dotted with the quiet, cold,
computer-filled warehouses that suck up as much electricity as small cities.
"We put in place an answer to the problems of the steel mills and cement plants at a time
when Cisco and Qualcomm were becoming the growth sectors of the California
economy," said Carl W: Wood, a PUC member. People have been fighting the last
war, not the coming war."
Free-market proponents acknowledge massive problems but insist that California's new
electricity market can work--with some tinkering, the rapid construction of power plants
and more time.
"I think we have a problem that is amenable to solutions," said Severin Borenstein,
director of the University of California Energy Institute in Berkeley, "if the politicians are
willing to go for solutions that will cause some pain, because there is going to be some
[consumer] pain."
How to split a monstrous bill between consumers and utilities, how to bring down prices,
how to rapidly boost the state's supply of electricity and whether to reimpose regulation--
these issues have become the biggest challenge for Gov. Gray Davis in his 2-year-old
administration.
Last month's average prices for electricity in California were more than three times
higher than in November 1999. At times, almost one third of the power is being bought at
exorbitant rates by an agency that was expected to handle only 5% of the energy
consumed.
Six investigations by state and federal agencies are underway, seeking evidence of
collusion or other illegal behavior. Multimillion-dollar lobbying efforts in Sacramento are
intensifying. Edison and PG&E are sinking millions of dollars deeper into debt each day.
And experts say next summer could easily bring blackouts and more billion-dollar price
run-ups.
A Times review of hundreds of documents and interviews with dozens of people tell the
story of the state's miscalculations. .
The Roots
In 1994, California was just emerging from a deep, stubborn recession and its average
electricity prices were topped only in Alaska, Hawaii, New York, New Jersey and New
England.
In the previous three years, California had lost nearly 750,000 jobs. Major industries
warned that the high price of electricity would drive them out of the state.
There were two forces driving electricity costs here: nuclear power and green power.
California's two nuclear power plants, which provide about 20% of the state's electricity,
suffered massive cost overruns that were largely passed on to consumers. PG&E's Diablo
Canyon plant in San Luis Obispo County was estimated in 1965 to cost $400 million, but
ended up costing $5.8 billion. The San Onofre plant in San Diego.County, jointly owned
by Edison and SDG&E, was budgeted at $13 billion but cost $4.3 billion.
The 1970s energy crisis also contributed. In 1978, frightened by the nation's dependence
on Middle Eastern oil, Congress forced utilities to buy electricity from companies willing
to produce it with solar panels, windmills, farm waste or factory steam.
California regulators; miscalculating how high oil and natural gas prices would go, priced
that alternative electricity so high that the state became a mecca for the green energy
industry. By 1994, California was home to 80% of the nation's wind and solar energy
1
sources, and utilities were locked into long-term contracts.
For example, Southern California Edison estimates that since 1985 it has paid $25 billion
more for electricity under alternative energy contracts than it would have spent to
produce the energy by traditional means--and has passed those costs on to its customers.
"We said, 'Something's wrong with this picture,'" recalled Earl Bouse, whose Hanson
Permanente Cement plan in Cupertino, Calif, was paying rates three times what they
would have been in Idaho.
What Bouse and other big manufacturers began lobbying for was the ability to buy their
electricity from companies other than SDG&E, PG&E or Southern California Edison, the
three big private utilities regulated out of San Francisco by the state Public Utilities
Commission.
.For nearly 100 years, regulators had set rates and guaranteed an investment return for the
utilities' stockholders. Delivering electricity is a natural monopoly; it makes little sense
for companies to string up thousands of miles of duplicate power lines to win customers.
In exchange for that monopoly, the utilities agreed to government regulation so they
couldn't make exorbitant profits.
Critics said that gave utilities little incentive to trim costs, since most could be passed on
to customers. "Everything the utilities touched became much more expensive," said D.J.
Smith, a Sacramento lobbyist for the California Large Energy Consumers Assn.
Former Republican Gov. Pete Wilson believed that the state's utilities had become
bloated under regulation.
"It was not ideology that persuaded us to go to deregulation," said George Dunn, Wilson's
deputy chief of staff at the time, now a lobbyist. "It was an assessment of what was going
on."
After declaring the system "fragmented, outdated, arcane and unjustifiably complex," the
PUC voted in December 1995 to open the state's electricity industry to competition.
The commission's order'resembled an agreement that Dunn had brokered three months
earlier, largely behind closed doors, with Southern California Edison, its biggest
industrial customers and an association of independent power producers, All parties
pledged to support legislation that would create an independent power market.
The parties also agreed that the utilities could pass on an estimated $28 billion they spent
investing in nuclear and alternative energy.
Consumer activists argued that many of those investments were the result of bad
decisions by the utilities and should be absorbed by shareholders. But consumers were
largely shut out of the negotiations.
The deal "was tantamount to the tablets being brought down the mountain by [Edison
chief] John Bryson," said Michael Shames, executive director of the Utility Consumers'
Action Network. "The governor-[Wilson] wanted to be elected president wanted
to make a big splash that would get him attention and also help him raise money."
The Peace Plan
The lobbying dollars told the story of just how high the stakes were during the historic
1996 deregulation debate in Sacramento: The three utilities spent $4.3 million on
lobbyists and pumped more than $1 million into political campaigns.
The PUC decision alone could have dictated deregulation. But utilities wanted more
certainty for California's $23-billi6n-a-year electricity industry than, a regulatory order
that could be changed by a new governor.
So in the summer of 1996, the Legislature intervened.
Steve Peace (D-El Cajon) chaired the Senate energy committee. He won the job of
guiding the deregulation legislation. Then 43, with 13 years in the Legislature, Peace had
a reputation as a brainy, caustic lawmaker willing to take on the most complex issues.
He orchestrated endless meetings, sometimes five at once, and kept people at the table
late into the night. In the final weeks of the session, Peace sometimes ordered lobbyists
out of the room, telling them to return in 15 minutes with their issues resolved.
"The Steve Peace death march," said Bill Leonard, a former Republican state senator,
now an assemblyman from San Bernardino. "It was group dynamics at its best and
worst."
Utilities enjoyed easy access and insider status. David Takashima, for example, was
Peace's chief of staff when the legislator was an assemblyman in the 1980s. Takashima
left to work as a Sacramento lobbyist for Edison, then returned to Peace's Senate staff in
time to help write the deregulation bill in July 1996. Now Takashima works for PG&E as
director of governmental affairs. -
Consumer advocates say they could not match the political firepower or research
capability of big business or the utilities. Each group set out to protect its interests.
Environmentalists won preservation of a half-billion-dollar annual subsidy for renewable
energy. Labor won money to retrain utility workers.
Several consumer groups grudgingly concluded that the legislation was an improvement
over the PUC plan, and agreed not to oppose it.
"It was not my finest hour," said Lenny Goldberg, a lobbyist for the Utility Reform
Network. "In retrospect, we should have opposed it flat out."
Not one lawmaker voted against the bill--even though many had only a dim sense of how
they were launching what Peace has called "the most complex transition of an industry
done anywhere in the world."
On Sept. 23, 1996, Wilson signed the bill.
"We've pulled the plug on another outdated monopoly," he said that day, "and replaced it
with the promise of a new era of competition."
Although he was not the bill's final author, Peace became the face and voice of
deregulation.
"This bill would not have passed out of both houses with no negative votes had it not
been for the determination and tenacity of Steve Peace," bill author Jim Brulte (R-Rancho
Cucamonga) said at the time. Then an assemblyman, Brulte currently is state Senate
minority leader.
Today, Peace is ridiculed for his hubris. Critics gloat that there is poetic justice in his own
San Diego constituents being among those most hurt by last summer's price spikes.
Peace blamed the summer price surges on the state's shortage of electricity, greedy power
producers and federal regulators who declined to referee the new market.
Peace is not apologetic. The PUC decision unaltered, he said, would have been much
worse for the state. Peace vigorously defends the legislative process he guided as fair,
honest and open. The deregulation bill was "a good work product," Peace said recently.
"It's not what caused the problems."
There was another reason, besides Peace's persuasive powers, that the bill passed
unanimously: It included a 10% rate reduction and a rate freeze.
To make the change politically palatable to consumers, the lawmakers rolled back
electricity rates by 10% for the 27 million people served by the three big utilities, and
froze rates until March 31, 2002, or until the utilities paid off all of their past investments,
whichever came first.
Consumer groups called the move a political "fig leaf." In fact, the utilities were allowed
to float $7 billion in bonds to pay for the 10% rate rollback. Because customers are
paying off those bonds today, over 10 years, the promised 10% cut amounts to more like
3%.-
The Carlsbad Plant
The power plant in Carlsbad is an ugly landmark. Wrapped in cyclone fencing, the 46-
1
year-old gas-fired industrial misfit looms over one of northern San Diego County's most
popular beaches.
But it can generate enough electricity to supply nearly 1 million homes, and SDG&E
tended it carefully for decades. Then, in March 1998, the utility auctioned the plant.
Packaged with 18 small combustion turbines scattered around San Diego County, it sold
for $365 million--nearly four times the book value. That should have been an early
warning. .
Selling off.the utilities' gas- and oil-fired power plants was key to deregulation. The idea
was to make sure there were so many new power plant owners that none could single-
handedly influence the price of electricity in California's new marketplace.
But the statewide auctioning of power plants backfired. Private energy companies from
all over the country engaged in bidding wars and paid higher-than-expected prices--a sign
of how profitable new players figured the California market might be.
A partnership of Houston-based Dynegy and Minneapolis-based NRG Energy bought the
Carlsbad package. Seven other energy companies, all but one based out of state,
purchased the utilities' mainstays, including plants at Morro Bay, Long Beach, El
Segundo and Huntington Beach.
The buyers spent more than $3 billion to take title to power plants critical to California's
trillion-dollar economy.
No other state, in attempting to deregulate, did what California did: triggered a sweeping
divestiture without making certain that the new owners would have to sell their electricity
at a fixed price for a number of years, said Borenstein, the Berkeley economist. .
"To sell the power plants was stupid," said Assemblyman Roderick Wright (D-Los
Angeles), chairman of the lower house's utilities and commerce committee. "To sell the
power plants without contracting forte electricity borders on criminal."
Having sold its electricity assets, California now has to rent, Wright said: "And the price
of rent is going to be whatever the new guy paid for your power plant plus the price of
electricity."
In San Diego, the auction set the stage for what politicians would come to call an
economic disaster.
SDG&E's earnings from the Carlsbad sale were so much higher than expected that its $2
billion in debt was quickly wiped out. That triggered the end of the rate freeze the
Legislature had 'unposed to protect consumers through a four-year transition to .
deregulation.
1
More than 3 million San Diego and southern Orange County residents became unwitting
guinea pigs. On July 1, 1999, they began for the first time to pay electricity prices
determined by a market, not a regulator.
For a while, nobody noticed. The average homeowner's monthly bill had been $50.60
under the freeze; it averaged $53.60 for the fast 10 months San Diegans paid market
prices.
Then the first heat wave of the new millennium hit, in May. Californians cranked up air-
conditioners. Demand for electricity rose. Prices climbed.
A kilowatt-hour is about enough electricity to operate a computer and monitor for seven
hours. On April 29, it cost 2.7 cents to buy that much electricity at a time of peak
demand. Two weeks later, it cost 3.5 cents, and two weeks after that it was 5.7 cents. By
June 15, it cost 46 cents; two weeks later, even on a day with less demand, it cost 52
cents.
None of this mattered much to the 24 million Californians served by PG&E and Edison
and still shielded by the rate freeze. But in San Diego, those prices tugged hard on wallets
and checking accounts.
By the end of August, when the Legislature intervened and imposed price caps, monthly
bills had reached an average of $120 for a homeowner. Some bills began to match -
monthly rent. Cafes dimmed lights and shut off air-conditioning in the middle of the
afternoon.
In Oceanside, William Scemi couldn't raise prices at his coin laundry enough to cover his
increased costs. -
"We're just vending utilities," said Scerni, 64. "We're vending hot water, heat for dryers
and electricity to run washers and dryers."
Power Markets
At dawn on March 31, 1998, the largest, most accessible electricity market in the world
was born on the fifth floor of an office building in Alhambra: the California Power
Exchange. This is where the price of electricity for Scerni's washers and dryers was set--a
digital auction with banks of computers.
Companies that want to buy electricity submit, via computer, the amount of electricity
they will need the next day and the price they are willing to pay. Those with electricity to
sell offer a quantity and a proposed price.
Once an hour, the Power Exchange computers set the price at the point where the demand
and supply bids meet. Employees later collect checks from buyers and pay sellers.
Through 1998 and 1999, everything seemed to be working. The price that utilities paid
for electricity in the Power Exchange, tended to be lower--sometimes much lower--than
the price they could charge consumers.
By late spring 2000, the gap amounted to $6 billion for PG&E and $5 billion for Edison,
according to consumer groups. The companies now raced to pay off past investments in
nuclear and alternative energy before the freeze expired.
When electricity prices shot up in the summer, most experts patiently explained: It's
supply and demand.
No new major power plants have been built in California in the last 10 years, mostly
because no utility or private energy firm wanted to make such a massive investment
without knowing how deregulation would unfold.
But just as California launched deregulation, the state's economy rebounded. Job growth
shot up at least 3% each year. Peak demand for power began increasing annually by
roughly the output of two major power plants.
California imports 20% of its electricity. Just when the state needed it most, fast-growing
cities such as. Phoenix and Las Vegas began sucking up the West's surplus electricity.
And late runoff on the mighty rivers of the Pacific Northwest meant that turbines there
could not deliver electricity in the quantities California needed to run air=conditioners on
the hottest days last summer.
In one of their major miscalculations, the architects of deregulation never anticipated this
shortfall. .
In fact, records from the debate in Peace's legislative committee hearings show the
opposite: concern that a glut of electricity would keep anybody from making money in
the new market. Few people forecast such a long economic expansion.
"We started out with 30% excess capacity," said P. Gregory Conlon, a former PUC
commissioner. "We thought we had enough time to get this up and running."
As last summer wore on, prices stayed high even through cooler weather, on weekends
and at night--periods when prices usually drop with demand. Something was up.
They call it "market power": the ability of a supplier to increase prices for a sustained
period of time. Electricity sellers can do that by, for example, withholding some of the
power they have to sell so there's less electricity in the market and buyers become willing
to pay more to get what they need.
Frank A. Wolak, a Stanford University economist who studies the California electricity
market, estimates that average prices last summer were 37% to 182% higher than would
be expected in a perfect competitive market.
"Why are prices on a Sunday in 1999 seven times lower than prices on a Sunday in
20007 asked Bob Foster, an Edison senior vice president. "Same load [demand], no
plants are out or anything like that. What would do that? As demand started going up,
the marketers figured out a way that they could exercise market power."
The people who make electricity have another answer. They say it costs more to produce
this year than last. The price of natural gas, the main fuel burned to generate electricity,
had tripled in the first 11 months of this year, and now is at least 16 times as expensive as
it was last year in California.
Smog rules can add 5 cents or more to the price of producing a kilowatt-hour, and some
plants have been run so hard for so long that they must be shut down to avoid violating
those rules. But most importantly, power producers say, supply is tight
"The market price reflects the new market reality," said Gary Ackerman, who represents
electricity traders, a relatively new profession in California, as the director of the Western
Power Trading Forum. "The world has changed. The market reflects that."
Market Marauders
Anyone can tap into the Internet and learn hourly prices in California's electricity market.
But not until six months later is it possible to tell the names of bidders, the quantities they
bid and the names of buyers.
That was intended to foster competition, but it can also hide manipulation.
Authorities say there is no doubt that companies can keep prices high to make more
money.
"We've had hours of true scarcity, where supply just simply isn't enough to meet
demand," said Eric Hildebrandt, who monitors the electricity market for the agency that
oversees transmission. "For every hour of that, there's many more hours sandwiched
around that of tremendous market power.
"Rising gas prices, higher loads, supply disruptions-all those create an increase in the
underlying cost," he said, "but they also create the potential for market power." .
The Federal Energy Regulatory Commission, national overseer of wholesale electricity,
gave California the authority to sell electricity at market-based rates only as long as its
market proved itself "workably competitive." Market power means, in effect, that one
supplier on its own can influence the price, in a way akin to a monopoly.
On Nov. 1, FERC commissioners called the California market "seriously flawed" and
said they found clear evidence of market power.
But in a draft order, FERC pinned no blame on specific electricity producers. And it
declined to order rebates on last summer's electricity bills. A final decision from the
commission is expected Wednesday.
How much profit each of the players is making is not public record. Still, for all of the
new power plant owners in California's electricity market, net income rose at least 75%
between the summer of 1999 and that of 2000, according to company earnings
statements.
Reliant Energy, for example, posted a 600% increase in the third-quarter earnings of its
wholesale energy division. California accounted for about $100 million of the $276-
million increase, said Richard Wheatley, spokesman for the Houston company.
"A blind pig could make money irr this market," said S. David Freeman, general manager
of the Los Angeles Department of Water and Power, one of the publicly owned agencies
that is selling electricity in California and profiting by it.
In the last IS months, the DWP has earned more than $200 million selling electricity,
Freeman said.
The Power Play
The twin phenomena of record profits and power shortages collide in a powerful agency
known by the unassuming acronym of Cal-ISO.
Electricity cannot be stored like wheat or cotton. The stream of electrons pumped into
transmission wires must constantly match the rate of consumption off that grid by air-
conditioners, computers, Christmas lights. A surge of electricity.with nowhere to go or a
sudden, heavy draw on the grid can destabilize hundreds of miles of transmission lines,
causing blackouts to millions of people. On Thursday, California narrowly averted such a
scenario.
To guarantee reliability, the architects of deregulation created a nonprofit institution, the
California Independent System Operator, that they believed would play a supporting role
in fine-tuning the system. Cal-ISO workers monitor the ebb and flow of electrons on the
part of the grid that serves 75% of the state. (Federal, state and municipal agencies--
including the city of Los Angeles--control the other 25%.)
To avoid blackouts, Cal-ISO workers may make sudden purchases of electricity at
whatever price necessary. "We keep the lights on," they like to say.
But for sellers, Cal-ISO became a way to bypass the competitive price set by the
electronic auctioning on the Power Exchange. And the more power that producers
reserved to sell through Cal-ISO, the less was available through the regular market.
In June, during peak demand, California's market meant producers could earn $1.50 on a
kilowatt-hour of electricity that cost no more than 15 cents to generate. Here's how: They
-got paid 75 cents to be on standby when a crisis loomed and the grid guardians at Cal-
ISO needed the power most. Then the power plant owners or marketers earned another 75
cents by actually selling the electricity at the going rate.
"They know to go where the money is," said Gary Stern, chief of market monitoring for
Southern California Edison.
The designers of Cal-ISO figured that at most it would handle 5% of the electricity .
consumed in California. But at times this year, the volume was 30%, according to Cal- .
ISO workers, finding the grid strained and with only hours to spare before a blackout,
would desperately call places ranging from British Columbia to Arizona seeking enough
electricity for 6 million homes.
In the summer of 1999, such purchases cost $1 million. A year later, they totaled more
than $100 million.
"When the.ISO says we'll do anything to keep the lights on," said Borenstein, the
Berkeley economist, "they're inviting people to bid whatever they want."
Ackerman, who represents electricity traders and generators, said sellers are simply
bidding to get the best price for their product, "just like General Motors does for its cars
and a Kansas farmer does for his wheat.... Otherwise we're back to that old-time
religion-regulation."
Utility executives say that their problem is too much regulation even now, and that
they've got the worst of both worlds.
They say they could have saved billions of dollars last summer if they had been able to
sign long-term deals to buy electricity directly from suppliers rather than buying at the
market rate each day through the Power. Exchange, which has proved volatile and
expensive.
The PUC forced the utilities into the marketplace in part to guarantee the Power
Exchange enough business. Commissioners also feared that, given the chance, utilities
would lock up all the cheap electricity and stifle competition.
In New England, Australia and the linked New Jersey-Pennsylvania-Maryland markets,
at least 80% of the electricity bought and sold is arranged for in advance. Here, less than
half of trades are "hedged" that way.
Federal energy authorities intend to change that and allow utilities to buy electricity
outside the Power Exchange.
Several producers say they stand ready to sign such deals. The PUC has hesitated to
approve them, fearing that contracts signed now, with prices exceptionally high, will hurt
1
consumers in a year or two if prices drop.
But "[even] if you lock in a price that isn't the lowest," said Assemblyman Wright, "you
also avoid the highest."
False Choices
One of the great benefits of deregulation, lawmakers boasted in 1996, would be choice.
Everybody from supermarket owners to apartment dwellers would be able to pick the
company that purchased their electricity and mailed the monthly bill. Giant utilities that
once controlled electricity from turbine to toaster. would do nothing but maintain wires.
The postcards said so. With $87 million set aside in the deregulation bill for public.
education, regulators sent postcards to utility customers, telling, them choice was on the
way.
Other states deregulated in stages, cutting big industrial customers free from utilities
before putting homeowners into the marketplace. California opened its doors to
everybody from the onset.
The crafters of deregulation figured that entrepreneurs would create hundreds of new
companies to lure customers away from utilities by offering cheaper electricity or
electricity generated in environmentally friendly ways.
The notion was that these new companies would absorb the risk of volatile electricity
prices, giving customers stable rates. And they would keep prices low by competing
among themselves.
It didn't work out like that.
There was early enthusiasm. More than 300 companies indicated interest. But they
quickly dropped away.
"They couldn't find a source of power cheaper than the Power Exchange," said Michael
Peevey, who retired as president of Southern California Edison in 1993 and launched his
own energy company, New Energy.
Today fewer than 10 companies offer California homeowners electricity service.
They're bit players. As of the end of September, less than 2% of nearly 9 million
California homeowners and renters had switched to a new supplier. Most who did picked
Green Mountain Energy, a company that appeals to those willing to pay a premium to
foster clean electricity generated by renewable resources. Slightly more than 5% of small
businesses have switched, but 13% of energy-intensive industrial customers changed
providers.
"Generally the bigger customers have been able to cut deals to get discounts of 2% to
5%,".said Bill Booth regulatory attorney for the California Large Energy Consumers
Assn., whose members pushed' hard for deregulation.
The Utility Problem
To survive as private businesses, utility executives say, they need a release from the
terms of deregulation. If they get what they want, it could cost consumers billions.
By the end of October, the difference between What the state's two biggest utilities had
paid for electricity and what they were allowed to pass, on to customers had tallied $3.4
billion for PG&E and $2.6 billion for Edison. Executives are warning of "financial
meltdown."
So far the utilities have been able to borrow enough money to cover their costs, and
bankruptcy looks a long way off, said Lori Woodland, who analyzes the loan worthiness
of the utilities for Fitch Inc., a credit-rating agency: But a resolution must come soon, she
said.
"There's an enormous amount of money involved here," she said, "and it's flowing out of
the door of the utilities at an alarming speed."
PG&E and Edison both have asked the PUC to let them boost rates by at least 10% and
collect enough money to pay the debt of last summer over the next several years. Utility
executives say that to force the people who own stock in Edison and PG&E to absorb the
$6 billion loss would destroy institutions critical to the state's economy.
"We are the only thing standing between the consumer and volatility," said Foster, the
Edison vice president. , We have to remain financially healthy.
Consumer advocates argue that the utilities knew electricity prices could spike during the
rate freeze and chose that risk.
A letter from PG&E to Peace, dated July 25, 1996, during negotiations on the
deregulation bill, says: "It is highly uncertain what market prices will result from the
proposed power exchange structure."
Said consumer advocate Snyder: "The marketplace means you win or you lose. The
utility companies that wanted to go to the marketplace lost the bet."
The Next Hot Summer
There's no quick fix in sight.
By next summer, experts figure, there will be a gap of at least 1,000 megawatts--what a
major power plant produces--between what the state consumes on its hottest days and
what it can generate and import.
Then, most experts agree, the grid guardians at the Cal-ISO will once again find
themselves repeatedly declaring power reserves dangerously low. They'll scramble to buy
electricity and they'll beg Californians to dim lights and wait until midnight to run the
clothes dryer.
Four new power plants are under construction in California, but it won't be until July, at
best, that any of them spins a turbine. Most likely to be finished first is a 500-megawatt
plant owned by Calpine in the Bay Area city of Pittsburg.
Plans for another major power plant were approved by the California Energy
Commission last week, and 12 more are under review.
But there's no guarantee that they all will get built.
There's no easy answer on the other side of the equation, either.
The Legislature this year earmarked $50 million for electricity conservation projects,.
such as helping cities install new traffic light bulbs and coat office rooftops with heat-
reflecting paint. Lawmakers also extended for another decade a fee on electricity bills
that amounts to roughly a nickel a day per household. The fee generates about half a
billion dollars a year for conservation and "green" energy projects.
But these investments won't soon bring power supply and demand into line. The
imbalance is expected to trigger haywire prices again next summer. No one, including
FERC commissioners, is certain that proposed fixes will not worsen things.
"Markets are complex, and they move in counterintuitive ways," said Camden Collins, a
former PUC staff member who played a key role in deregulation. "We've got to steer a
straight course, because it's in the careening that you spend billions of dollars."
As politicians and regulators scramble for solutions, the vast majority of Californians,
numbed by the complexity of the power system and insulated by rate freezes, are just
waking to the aftermath of deregulation.
A Los Angeles Times poll of nearly 2,000 people in late October found that 47%
disapproved of the Legislature's 1996 passage of deregulation, while 32% supported it.
"Markets do work," said Judah Rose, senior vice president of ICF Consulting, a Virginia
energy consulting group. "Just give it a chance."
"There is an unbelievable wave of [power plant] construction sweeping every part of the
country," he said. "You guys are a little bit behind.... You've got to have some price
spikes to encourage people to build."
But the debate eventually works its way back to the pocketbook, where regulators and
politicians must face the grandmothers who scrimped on groceries to pay the electricity
bill.
"If you believe in markets," said Bill Eastlake, an economist with the Idaho Public
Utilities Commission, "you can't blanch at the sight of victims."
EDISON
INTERNATIONAL
FOR IMMEDL4TE RELEASE
Media Statement
Contact Corporate Communications: (626) 302-2255
Edison Calls for Dramatic Reform of
California Electricity Market Structure
The following statement was released today by Edison International Chairman, President &
CEO John E. Bryson:.
ROSEMEAD, Calif., Dec. 13,2000- For over 100 years, the people of Southern
California Edison have been proud to provide the people of this state with reliable and
affordable electricity. We have fulfilled our historic obligation to serve and have
contributed to the vital growth of this dynamic economy. Unfortunately, the ability to
fulfill the electricity needs of California has never been more threatened. Let me
explain:
Three years ago, state lawmakers and the California Public Utilities Commission
(CPUC) "deregulated" the generation of electricity. Edison was ordered to sell the
generating plants that we owned in the Los Angeles basin. Today, those generating
plants are owned by independent power companies who are selling power for prices
that are indefensible. Southern California Edison had sold power from the plants it
previously owned at an average of $31/MWh during previous Decembers. Yesterday's
price was over $1,000/ MWh - far more than can be defended on the basis of increased
costs of production
Simultaneously with "deregulation" came a new form of regulation, a multi-year
freeze on rates that Edison was allowed to charge users of electricity. However, since
this summer, the prices charged by generators and other sellers have skyrocketed. As a
result, since May 2000, Edison has paid more than $3.5 billion above what current
CPUC-established rates provide us to buy power for our customers.
To fund the $3.5-billion deficit and to finance the additional procurement of
electricity, Edison has had to borrow huge sums of money in the commercial markets.
This situation is not sustainable. The new market structure is broken and must be
discarded.
. In the current crisis, we will soon be compelled to take drastic measures to
preserve our ability to serve customers-actions that could include rationing electricity:
Moreover, vital investments in the state's electrical infrastructure would be curtailed,
damaging service reliability. None of this needs to happen
- MORE -
EDISON STATEMENT RE. ENERGY CRISIS
Page 2 of 2
It is time to break decisively from this failed policy. We need swift action from
state officials to bring about immediate and longer-term fixes to a broken system. On
behalf of the Edison Company, I call on policy makers to act with the urgency this
situation demands. We need to reform and, where necessary, re-regulate California's
electric system.
We believe three important principles should guide this reform
1. There must be a reliable supply of electricity -Utilities should once again be
charged with responsibility to plan for, acquire and assure sufficient power to meet the -
state's needs without the threat of-interruption We need the right tools to assure
reliability, and regulatory reform to streamline decision-making and clarify
accountability.
. 2. Electricity must be affordable-Our economic future cannot continue to be
held hostage to market manipulation. We need a system of cost-based wholesale
pricing where the majority of power is either generated by Edison for Edison customers,
as it was before 1996, or is arranged and delivered under long-term contracts to Edison
at stabilized costs.
3. Both the price and supply of electricitymust be determined under a stable
framework-Customers have to be protected from price volatility. Utilities have to be
strong enough to afford that protection, to borrow sufficient funds for operations, and to
make vital investments in service reliability. No matter who supplies the electricity,
everyone must pay his or her fair share for its delivery.
There are many causes to our current crisis. But it is time to move beyond
assigning blame. Delay is the enemy. We are prepared to do our part in contributing to a
comprehensive solution.. However, any comprehensive solution requires urgent action
on the sensible, and moderate first steps that we have put forward to the CPUC,
including a stable system of rates that allows us to collect for electricity we have
procured for our customers at no profit for our company. This will allow us to continue
providing this vital service in the future, and avert damage to the reliability of
California's electric system
Every day that passes significantly weakens our ability to protect our customers
and.uphold a tradition of high quality service that has.been our privilege to provide.
Based in Rosemead Calif, Edison International is a premier international electric power
generator, distributor and structured finance provider. Southern California Edison is a wholly owned
subsidiary of Edison International and is one of the nation's largest electric utilities, serving a population
of 12 million people in parts of central, coastal and southern California
Wednesday December 13, 5:26 pm Eastern Time
US govt acts to keep the lights on in
California
By Patrick Connole
WASHINGTON, Dec 13 (Reuters) - The Clinton administration
took the rare action on Wednesday of invoking its emergency
powers to stave off electricity blackouts in the nation's most
populated state, California.
The state's huge thirst for electricity combined with tight supplies and repairs at
some utilities pushed California to the brink of a crisis that threatened to trigger
blackouts.
U.S: Energy Secretary Bill Richardson said the federal government would step in
to require power generators and marketers to ship electricity to California to "
prevent imminent blackouts.
"Our objective is keep the lights on in California," Richardson told reporters after
meeting with California Sen. Dianne Feinstein, a Democrat. Also at the meeting
were California Gov. Gray Davis. and Federal Energy Regulatory Commission
chief James Hoecker.
Richardson said he invoked the government's rarely-used authority under the
Federal Power Act to require out-of-state generators and marketers currently
balking at selling power into California to do so immediately.
The California Independent System Operator (ISO) warned on Wednesday that
the state would experience rolling blackouts beginning at 4 p.m. EST (2100
GMT) because 13 out-of-state generators refused to sell to California utilities.
The out-of-state firms feared the utilities would not be able to pay spot market
prices, which have rocketed as high as $3,000 per megawatt, or roughly
100 times higher than one year ago.
GOVERNMENT TO SET RATES
The federal government will also set rates for power sold to the ISO at a level
that would "ensure generators receive a fair return," but not at rates that would
cripple utilities and consumers, Richardson said.
He also ordered the Bonneville Power Administration and the Western Area
Power Administration ".both government-owned entities in nearby states - to
ship as much power to California as possible.
Gov. Davis, calling the situation in his state "incredibly bizarre," said he was
relieved by the federal government's decision to invoke emergency powers and
help California utilities continue operating.
"Our objective is to keep the lights on at affordable rates," Davis said.
Davis, a frequent critic of the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission, blamed
the growing crisis on that agency's move last Friday to raise wholesale price
caps on electricity.
CASH DRAIN ON UTILITIES
Davis said rocketing prices in the electricity spot market threatened to drain the
cash reserves of the state's two major utilities, Edison International's SoCal
Edison (NYSE:EIX - news) and Pacific Gas and Electric Co. (NYSE:PCG - news)
Davis and other state officials have repeatedly criticized FERC for failing to be
aggressive enough in fixing the wholesale power market crisis
Both Davis and Sen.. Feinstein reiterated their call for FERC to immediately
adopt price caps for the entire western region. They said the current situation
allows California's neighbors to manipulate the market and dramatically
overcharge state utilities for power.
"California is ripe for electricity price gouging," Feinstein told reporters.
She cautioned that the situation was so dire that farmers were asking state and
federal officials for help in protecting citrus groves that require electricity during
cold snaps.
Some California businesses were also being forced to choose between paying
exorbitant power bills or closing their doors, she said.
FERC SAYS WILL ACT SOON
Hoecker promised that FERC would act soon to help remedy the California
power crunch.
"The commission will take strong action soon," Hoecker said. He declined to
elaborate, saying that the agency would issue its plan at a public meeting on .
Friday.
"I want to assure them (California officials) that FERC will be part of the solution,
not part of the problem," Hoecker added.
1
The crisis marks the second time this year that California - the first state to
complete deregulate its electricity markets in the hope of spurring competition -
has been rocked by volatile electricity and.natural gas prices.
Last summer, tight supplies and hot weather briefly tripled consumer electricity
bills, in southern California, unleashing a storm of protest from consumer
activists, state lawmakers and the governor.
Supplies once again tightened late last month due to a combination of high
demand by California's booming economy, the temporary closure of several
power plants for repairs, and meager electricity available from hydropower
generators in the Pacific Northwest.
California homeowners have been urged to use Christmas lights and decorations
sparingly, and federal government offices on the U.S. West Coast have curtailed
use of lights, computers and escalators to save power.
1
Robert Stiens To: Gaddi Vasquez/SCE/EDISONX@Exchange, Felix
12113/2000 09:34 PM Oduyemi/SCE/EIX@SCE, Charles Wlson/SCE/EIX@SCE, Mary E
a Drury/SCE/EDISONX@Exchange, Frank Wasko/SCE/EIX@SCE,
Thomas E Taber/SCE/EDISONX@Exchange, Lars
Blakely/SCE/EIX@SCE, Marissa Castro/SCE/EIX@SCE, Gloria D
Cordero/SCE/EDISONX@Exchange, Ronald V
Garcia/SCE/EDISONX@Exchange, Scott Gobble/SCE/ElX@SCE,
Janice Hahn/SCE/EIX@SCE, Roger Haley/SCE/EDISONX@Exchange,
Vincent M Haydel/SCE/EDISONX@Exchange, Maryann
Reyes/SCE/EIX@SCE, John Steelesmith/SCE/E[X@SCE, Constance
Tumer/SCE/EDISONX@Exchange, Anna
F rutos-Sanchez/SC E/EIX@SCE
cc:
Subject: News Item: PUC Considering Rate Stabilization
'.,u.. >.,.,_,.,.,.,,,w.,,.... .
FOR INTERNAL USE ONLY
Robert K. Stiens
Southern Califomia Edison Public Affairs
Phone: 626-302-3603 PAX 23603
FAX 626-302-9821 PAX 29821
- Forwarded by Robert Stiens/SCE/EIX on 12/132000 09:34 PM -
Calif PUC May End Utils Rate Freeze, Raise Rates Dee 21
12/13/2000
Dow Jones Energy Service
(Copyright (c) 2000, Dow Jones & Company, Inc.)
LOS ANGELES -(Dow Jones)- The California Public Utilities Commission said
Wednesday it may allow two of the state's largest utilities to raise their rates and end a
two-year-old retail electricity rate freeze because the companies face the possibility of
bankruptcy. PUC President Loretta Lynch said the commission revised its Dec. 21
meeting agenda, in which she and two other Democratic commissioners originally had
denied requests by Edison International unit (EA) Southern California Edison and
PG&E Corp. (PCG) unit Pacific Gas & Electric to raise.rates and end the rate freeze.
Instead, the commission proposed that the utilities offset their debt from revenues
generated from power plants they still own. Gov. Gray Davis and the PUC said
Wednesday that both utilities are on the brink of financial disaster because of their
inability to recoup more than $8 billion in excess power costs. Currently, the utilities
are paying wholesale prices for power while their customers pay a low fixed rate under
the rate freeze. In light of the dire financial situation both companies face, the
commission will "determine the feasibility of lifting the rate freeze as expeditiously as
possible and to evaluate the need for reasonable rate increases." Earlier Wednesday,
Edison International Chief Executive Officer John Bryson called for an end to
deregulation.
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LOS ANGELES TIMES
POWER: State Shutdowns Averted
itic of the mayor, signs autographs
1 Francisco
s Suffer Sett
x
it
Brown has influenced with his con-
trol of the board.
But Johnston said he hoped the
campaign vitriol wouldn't'lead new
supervisors to place the mayor in
their political sights. A
"Willie Brown is a prettyYormi-
dable politician," he said. "In 90
years in politics, he's learned that
you win some and you lose some.
But let's just hope that even the
most strident critics will come to
office and be concerned for needs
of people, rather than just attack-
ing the mayor." I
Incumbent Supervisor Mark
Leno said he was more concerned
about how the election would
change the city than about its_ef-
fect on the mayor.
,n
:e
g
~f
A
it
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;c
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ie
Continued from Al
Feinstein (D-Calif.). The three were
discussing the prospects of the
Federal Energy Regulatory Com-
mission capping electricity prices
across the West. The commission is
-expected to issue an order Friday,
but its contents remain unknown.
. Word of the refusal changed the
thrust of the meeting from long-
range solutions to the crisis of the
moment.
"I will not allow [power sellers]
to, unjustly profit," Richardson said
at a news conferences. "I will de-
mand a fair price."
Richardson threatened to invoke
his rarely used power to force the
producers to sell electricity to Cali-
fornia and warned that the rates
would be set by his department, not
by the current market, which has
seen prices escalate from $30 a
megawatt-hour in December 1999
to more than $1,500 for the same
quantity of electricity this week.
He also directed federal hydro-
electric networks outside California
to boost power generation.
Energy industry experts said
Wednesday that it is unclear
whether Richardson has the
authority to set rates for wholesale
electricity. Rates typically are the
realm of the Federal Energy Regu-
latory Commission, a body of five
presidential appointees.
But that issue became moot-at
least for the moment-when the
power- producers apparently
blinked, heading off a series of one-
hour blackouts anticipated to begin
about 1 p.m. Such rotating outages
have never been triggered state-
wide, although more than 30 warn-
ings of low electricity reserves
have been issued this year.
Among the companies that sent
electricity through the power grid
to California on Wednesday was
Bonneville Power Administration
in the Pacific Northwest. But offi-
cials said that in these uncharted
■ POWER COMPANY FlNED
Air pollution officials have
fined an. electric power com-
pany $17 million. BI
waters, even such a helpful action
could set the stage for power short-
ages next year if rain does not re-
plenish reservoirs.
"This is a robbing Peter to pay
Paul," said Kellan Fluckiger, chief
operating officer of the California
Independent System Operator,
which oversees the transmission
grid serving 75% of California.
"We're literally accessing next
year's power to get by now."
Excel Energy, the former Public
Service Co. of Colorado, was one of
the 12 companies that halted sales
Wednesday and then renewed
them after "learning of the emer-
gency situation," said spokesman
Mark Stutz.
"We weighed economic factors
with social factors and those were
the driving forces in resuming
sales," Stutz said.
According to a list released by
Gov. Davis, Portland General Elec-
tric in Oregon had grave reserva-
tions about parting with its valu-
able commodity. -
"We are extremely concerned
about the credit situation in Cali-
fornia and we have asked for assur-
ances this week that we will be
paid," said Portland General's sen-
ior vice president; Walt Pollock.
"Those assurances have not been
forthcoming."
Enron Corp. complained that the
utility companies are not the only
ones getting pinched. Senior Vice
President Steve Kean said his firm
is having a tougher time finding
lenders to finance its power sales to
the state's Independent System Op-
erator because of concerns over he
system's financial health.
Feinstein and Davis blamed
some of California's power short-
ages on producers that peddle elec-
tricity out of state for greater prof-
its-a shift, they said, that could be
corrected by a regional price cap.
Power generators with plants
within the state. must sell electricity
if the agency overseeing the state's
electrical grid demands it. But out-
of-state companies-on which the
state depends for one-fourth of en-
ergy consumed-have the right not
to sell power if they elect not to.
Feinstein and Davis pointed out
that prices in California's electric-
ity market soared this week after
federal regulatory commissioners
late Friday, without public notice,
eased a $250 per megawatt-hour
price cap to help- the operators
overseeing the state's grid to at-
tract more electricity sellers and
avoid blackouts. The move infuri-
ated Davis, who was not consulted
and has been urging federal regu-
lators to impose a strict $100 per
megawatt-hour price cap.
Whether the Federal Energy
Regulatory Commission on Friday
will do as Feinstein and Davis want
and impose a price cap across the
entire West is not clear.
But commission Chairman James
Hoecker promised that "the commis-
sion will take strong action soon."
"The [commission] will be part
of the solution, not part of the prob-
lem," he said at the news confer-
ence attended by Richardson, Da-
vis and Feinstein.
Bryson also cited the latest signs
from the California Public Utilities
Commission that show a lack of re-
ceptivity to utilities' pleas for re-
payment mechanisms.
Last Thursday, PUC President
Loretta Lynch announced that she
was suspending work on Edison's
application for a 9.9% consumer
rate increase and then this week
proposed a change in accounting
systems that Bryson said "might
never allow us to recover our
costs," Bryson said.
GENOME: Plant's Genetic Sequence
Continued from A3
periment with it makes it valuable
for agriculture,
But reaping this genetic harvest
will take a lot of work. Finding and
describing all the genes is just one
step. Now researchers have to fig-
ure out what all the genes do and
Two repositories in the U.S. and
U.K. house seed from thousands of
different lines. Those include-
among many others-tall and
stunted plants, plants particularly
susceptible or.resistant to insects
or molds and ones that make weird
flowers consisting of nothing but
volved in sending signals from one
part of the plant to another.
Now that the genome is in place,
researchers can examine thousands
of the plant's genes at the same time
to figure out when and where the
genes are turned on and off-and
thus how a plant snows and thrives.
Ae ted Prey