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CC - Item 4A - Adoption of the City of Rosemead Natural Hazard Mitigation PlanROSEMEAD CITY COUNCIL STAFF REPORT TO: THE HONORABLE MAYOR AND CITY COUNCIL FROM: JEFFRY ALLRED, CITY MANAGER 91k DATE: September 25, 2012 SUBJECT: ADOPTION OF THE CITY OF ROSEMEAD NATURAL HAZARDS MITIGATION PLAN SUMMARY The President signed into law the Disaster Mitigation Act of 2000 (DMA 2000). DMA 2000 became Public Law 106 -390 on October 30, 2000. Its purpose is "to amend the Robert T. Stafford Disaster relief and Emergency Assistance Act to authorize a program for pre- disaster mitigation, to streamline the administration of disaster relief, to control the federal costs of disaster assistance, and for other purposes." This Act requires all state, local, and tribal governments to develop and submit a local hazard mitigation plan as a condition of receiving Hazard Mitigation Grant Program (HMGP) funding and public assistance following a disaster. Development of the Plan is in accordance with Strategy 6 of the City's Strategic Plan ( "Increase the City's level of Emergency Preparedness ") and corresponding action items. Staff Recommendation: It is recommended that the City Council Adopt the City of Rosemead Local Hazard Mitigation Plan. ANALYSIS As noted above, Rosemead is mandated by federal law (DMA 2000) to develop its Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan (NHMP). Secondly, Plan development is necessary as part of any community's practical preparedness efforts. The four phases of disaster response are mitigation, preparedness, response and recovery. Mitigation takes place before a natural hazard occurs and is recognized by Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) as the "cornerstone of emergency management." Mitigation has proven to save lives, and property, and therefore, lessen the impact of natural hazards. Thus, development of this NHMP is a vital part of Rosemead's emergency preparedness. The development of Rosemead's Plan was a collaborative effort between a number of City departments, public agencies, non - profit organizations, Rosemead citizens, and private sector and regional and state organization representatives. ITEM NUMBER: LAN City Council Meeting September 25, 2012 Page 2 of 2 The Disaster and Emergency Committee guided the process of developing the Plan, which included: City of Rosemead Building and Safety, Community Development, Public Works, Public Safety, Public Information, Parks and Recreation, Finance, and Los Angeles County Sheriff's Department. Additionally, public participation played a key role in development of goals and action items. A public workshop was held during a monthly Community Safety Meeting and a survey was conducted. The Mission of the Plan is to promote sound public policy designed to protect citizens, critical facilities, infrastructure, private property, and the environment from natural hazards. This can be achieved by increasing public awareness, documenting the resources for risk reduction and loss prevention, and identifying activities to guide the City towards building a safer, more sustainable community. The Plan identifies four naturally occurring hazards relevant to Rosemead including earthquake, flood, landslide, and windstorm, and the means to address these hazards. The Plan maintenance process includes a schedule for evaluating the Plan annually to monitor and evaluate how well the mitigation plan is achieving its goals following implementation. Lastly, Rosemead is required to update the Plan every five years. PUBLIC NOTICE PROCESS This item has been noticed through the regular agenda notification process. FISCAL IMPACT There is no direct fiscal impact as a result of adopting the proposed Plan, however, such adoption and subsequent submittal to Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) is a prerequisite for receiving any future disaster relief or mitigation funds. Submitted by: 7�-4 V-)6- Mandy Wong Public Safety Coordinator Attachment A: Hazard Mitigation Plan Attachment B: Resolution No. 2012 -51 RESOLUTION NO. 2012 -51 A RESOLUTION OF THE CITY COUNCIL OF THE CITY OF ROSEMEAD, CALIFORNIA, APPROVING THE NATURAL HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN AS REQUIRED BY THE ROBERT T. STAFFORD DISASTER RELIEF AND EMERGENCY ASSISTANCE ACT WHEREAS, the Federal Disaster Mitigation Act requires all cities, counties, and special districts to adopt a Local Hazard Mitigation Plan to receive disaster mitigation funding from Federal Emergency Management Agency; and WHEREAS, the City of Rosemead desires to remain eligible for State and Federal disaster relief funds in the event of a declared disaster in Rosemead; and WHEREAS, the City of Rosemead is committed to increasing the disaster resistance of infrastructure, health, housing, economy, government services, education, environment, and land use systems in the City; and WHEREAS, the City of Rosemead is subjected to various weather - related and earthquake - related disasters, such as severe weather conditions, liquefaction and floods; and WHEREAS, the City of Rosemead has identified and justified a number of proposed projects and programs needed to mitigate the vulnerabilities of the City of Rosemead to the impacts of future disasters; and WHEREAS, the City of Rosemead seeks to maintain and enhance both a disaster - resistant Rosemead by reducing the potential loss of life, property damage, and environmental degradation from natural disasters, while accelerating economic recovery from those disasters; and WHEREAS, the City of Rosemead recognizes that disasters do not recognize City, County or Special District boundaries; NOW, THEREFORE, BE IT RESOLVED that the City Council of the City of Rosemead finds that this project should not result in significant effects upon the environment and adopts the Rosemead Natural Hazard Mitigation Plan; and BE IT FURTHER RESOLVED that the City Council directs the Community Development Department to annually review the Plan and propose revisions when new data and information become available, as mitigation measures are achieved, and as mitigation strategies evolve; and FURTHER, that after each five year cycle, the hazard analysis, vulnerability assessment and local capability sections on the Plan should be reviewed, revised, and submitted to the Planning Commission and City Council for its review prior to resubmission to the California Office of emergency Services and Federal Emergency Management Agency for approval; and FURTHER, that administrative changes, word corrections, or insubstantial changes do not require additional action by the City Council of the City of Rosemead. However, changes that may have a significant impact or significant expenditure of non - budgeted funds may require action by the City Council of the City of Rosemead. Approved and adopted the 25th day of September, 2012. Sandra Armenta, Mayor I, the undersigned, hereby certify that the foregoing Resolution Number 2012 -51 was duly adopted by the City Council of the City of Rosemead following a roll call vote: Ayes: Noes: Absent: ATTEST: Gloria Molleda, City Clerk APPROVED AS TO FORM: Rachel Richman, City Attorney RESOLUTION NO. 2012 -51 A RESOLUTION OF THE CITY COUNCIL OF THE CITY OF ROSEMEAD, CALIFORNIA, APPROVING THE NATURAL HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN AS REQUIRED BY THE ROBERT T. STAFFORD DISASTER RELIEF AND EMERGENCY ASSISTANCE ACT WHEREAS, the Federal Disaster Mitigation Act requires all cities, counties, and special districts to adopt a Local Hazard Mitigation Plan to receive disaster mitigation funding from Federal Emergency Management Agency; and WHEREAS, the City of Rosemead desires to remain eligible for State and Federal disaster relief funds in the event of a declared disaster in Rosemead; and WHEREAS, the City of Rosemead is committed to increasing the disaster resistance of infrastructure, health, housing, economy, government services, education, environment, and land use systems in the City; and WHEREAS, the City of Rosemead is subjected to various weather - related and earthquake - related disasters, such as severe weather conditions, liquefaction and floods; and WHEREAS, the City of Rosemead has identified and justified a number of proposed projects and programs needed to mitigate the vulnerabilities of the City of Rosemead to the impacts of future disasters; and WHEREAS, the City of Rosemead seeks to maintain and enhance both a disaster - resistant 'Rosemead by reducing the potential loss of life, property damage, and environmental degradation from natural disasters, while accelerating economic recovery from those disasters; and WHEREAS, the City of Rosemead recognizes that disasters do not recognize City, County or Special District boundaries; NOW, THEREFORE, BE IT RESOLVED that the City Council of the City of Rosemead finds that this project should not result in significant effects upon the environment and adopts the Rosemead Natural Hazard Mitigation Plan; and BE IT FURTHER RESOLVED that the City Council directs the Community Development Department to annually review the Plan and propose revisions when new data and information become available, as mitigation measures are achieved, and as mitigation strategies evolve; and FURTHER, that after each five year cycle, the hazard analysis, vulnerability assessment and local capability sections on the Plan should be reviewed, revised, and submitted to the Planning Commission and City Council for its review prior to resubmission to the California Office of emergency Services and Federal Emergency Management Agency for approval; and FURTHER, that administrative changes, word corrections, or insubstantial changes do not require additional action by the City Council of the City of Rosemead. However, changes that may have a significant impact or significant expenditure of non - budgeted funds may require action by the City Council of the City of Rosemead. Approved and adopted the 25th day of September, 2012. Sandra Armenta, Mayor I, the undersigned, hereby certify that the foregoing Resolution Number 2012 -51 was duly adopted by the City Council of the City of Rosemead following a roll call vote: Ayes: Noes: Absent: ATTEST: Gloria Molleda, City Clerk APPROVED AS TO FORM: Rachel Richman, City Attorney City of Rosemead Hazard Mitigation Plan 8/28/12 LECMgt This plan was prepared by LECMgt LLC. If you have any questions contact Roger Mason at 818 693 1668 or roger(Mlecmgt.com. City of Rosemead Hazard Mitigation Plan Special Thanks & Acknowledgments Project Steering Committee: - City of Rosemead Building and Safety - City of Rosemead Economic Development - City of Rosemead Emergency Services Coordinator - City of Rosemead Finance - City of Rosemead Planning - City of Rosemead Community Development - City of Rosemead City Manager's Office - City of Rosemead Public Works - City of Rosemead Parks and Recreation - San Gabriel Valley Council of Governments - Office of Disaster Management, Area D: Brenda Hunemiller, Coordinator - Office of Disaster Management, Area E: Fan Abel, Coordinator - Office of Disaster Management, Area G: Mike Martinet, Executive Director - Los Angeles County Office of Emergency Management: Constance Perett, Manager - California Division of Mines and Geology - California Division of Forestry - Federal Emergency Management Agency, Region IX -,Southern California Association of Governments - California Emergency Management Agency City of Rosemead Hazard Mitigation Plan 2 City of Rosemead Hazard Mitigation Plan Table of Contents Special Thanks & Acknowledgments ......................................................... ............................... Tableof Contents ........................................................................................ ............................... Listof Tables and Maps .............................................................................. ............................... Part I: Mitigation Action Plan ................................................... ............................... Executive Summary .......................................................... ............................... Executive Summary: Five -Year Action Plan .......... ............................... How is the Plan Organized? .................................... ............................... Who Participated in Developing the Plan? ............. ............................... Who Participated in Writing the Plan? ....... ............................... How Was The Plan Developed? ............................. ............................... How Was The Plan Reviewed and Revised ? ............................. Hazard Mitigation Review Team ................ ............................... What Is the Mission of the Plan? ............................ ............................... What are the Plan Goal s? ........................................ ............................... How Are the Action Items Organized? ................... ............................... Coordinating Organization .......................... ............................... Timeline...................................................... ............................... Ideas for Implementation ............................ ............................... Plan Goals Addressed ................................. ............................... Partner Organizations .................................. ............................... Constraints.................................................. ............................... How Will the Plan be Implemented, Monitored, and Evaluated? ......... PlanAdoption ............................................. ............................... CoordinatingBody ...................................... ............................... Convener..................................................... ............................... Implementation through Existing Programs .............................. Economic Analysis of Mitigation Projects ............. ............................... FormalReview Process ........................................... ............................... Continued Public Involvement ............................... ............................... FundingSources ...................................................... ............................... ..2 ..3 ..7 ..8 Section1: Introduction ....................................................................... ............................... Why Develop a Mitigation Pl an? .............................................. ............................... Whom Does the Mitigation Plan Aff ect? .................................. ............................... Natural Hazard Land -Use Policy in California ......................... ............................... Support for Natural Hazard Mitigation ..................................... ............................... PlanMethodology ..................................................................... ............................... Input from the Steering Committee .............................. ............................... StakeholderInterviews .................................................. ............................... State and Federal Guidelines and Requirements for Mitigation Plans ........ Hazard - Specific Research ............................................. ............................... Documents and Plans Reviewed ................................... ............................... City of Rosemead Hazard Mitigation Plan 3 ........16 ........16 ........17 ........17 ........18 ........18 ........18 ........19 ........19 ........20 ........20 PublicWorkshops ..................................................................... .............................20 HowIs the Plan Used? .......................................................................... .............................21 Section2: Community Profile ........................................................................ .............................22 Why Plan for Natural Hazards in the City of Rosemead? .................... .............................22 Geography and the Environment .......................................................... .............................22 CommunitySnapshot ............................................................................ .............................23 Climate................................................................................................. ..............................2 6 Mineralsand Soils ................................................................................. .............................28 Other Significant Geologic Features ..................................................... .............................29 Population and Demographics .............................................................. .............................29 Landand Development ......................................................................... .............................31 Housing and Community Devel opment ................................................ .............................32 Employmentand I ndustry ..................................................................... .............................33 LocalEconomy ..................................................................................... .............................35 Transportation and Commuting Patterns .............................................. .............................35 Section3: Risk Assessment ............................................................................. .............................37 What is a Risk Assessment? ................................................................. .............................37 HazardIdentification ................................................................ .............................37 Profiling Hazard Events ............................................................ .............................37 Vulnerability Assessment/Inventorying Assets ........................ .............................37 RiskAnalysis ............................................................................ .............................37 Assessing Vulnerability /Analyzing Development Trends ........ .............................38 Federal Requirements for Risk Assessment ......................................... .............................40 Critical Facilities and Infrastructure ..................................................... .............................41 Summary............................................................................................... .............................43 Section 4: Multi- Hazard Goals and Action Items ........................................ .............................44 Missionand Goals ................................................................................. .............................44 ProtectLife and Property .......................................................... .............................44 PublicAwareness ...................................................................... .............................44 NaturalSystems ........................................................................ .............................44 Partnerships and Impl ementation .............................................. .............................45 EmergencyServices .................................................................. .............................45 PublicInput ............................................................................... .............................45 PublicParticipation ............................................................................... .............................45 Hazard Mitigation Plan Action Items ................................................... .............................45 Coordinating Organization ........................................................ .............................46 Timeline.................................................................................... .............................46 Ideas for Implementation .......................................................... .............................46 PlanGoals Addressed ............................................................... .............................46 Constraints................................................................................ .............................46 Project Evaluation Worksheets ................................................. .............................46 Section 5: Plan Maintenance .......................................................................... .............................50 PlanAdoption ....................................................................................... .............................50 CoordinatingBody ..........................................................."..................... .............................50 Convener............................................................................................... .............................51 City of Rosemead Hazard Mitigation Plan 4 Implementation through Existing Programs ......................................... .............:...............51 Economic Analysis of Mitigation Projects ........................................... .............................52 Evaluating and Updating the Plan: Formal Review Process ................ .............................52 Continued Public Involvement ............................................................. .............................53 Part II: Hazard - Specific Information ........................................................... .............................54 Section1: Earthquakes ........................................:.......................................... .............................54 Why Are Earthquakes a Threat to the City of Rosemead? ................... .............................54 Understanding Earthquakes .................................................................. .............................54 Strike -slip faul ts ........................................................................ .............................54 Dip -slip faults ............................................................................ .............................54 PredictingEarthquakes ........................................:...............................: .............................56 Earthquake- Related Hazards ................................................................. .............................57 Ground - shaking ...................................................................:..... .............................57 Landslides................................................................................. .............................57 Liquefaction.............................................................................. .............................57 Amplification.................................................:.......................... .............................58 LocalFault Zones ................................................................................. .............................58 SanAndreas .............................................................................. .............................59 Northridge /Oak Ridge ............................................................... .............................60 Verd ugo .....................................................:............................... .............................60 SierraMadre ............................................................................... ..'..........................60 Whittier..................................................................................... .............................61 PuenteHill s ............................................................................... .............................61 History of Earthquake Activity ............................................................. .............................62 CommunityEarthquake Issues ............................................................. .............................63 Dams......................................................................................... .............................63 Buildings................................................................................... .............................63 Transportation systems ............................................................. .............................63 Economic Impact of an Earthquake ...................................................... .............................64 Existing Mitigation Activities ............................................................... .............................65 City of Rosemead Codes: ....................................................................................... 65 Earthquake Education: ........................................................................................... 66 Earthquake Mitigation Action Items ..................................................... .............................66 Earthquake Resource Directory ............................................................ .............................72 Section2: Flooding .......................................................................................... .............................77 Why Are Floods a Threat to Rosemead? .............................................. .............................77 History of Flooding in Rosemead ......................................................... .............................77 What Factors Create Flood Risk? ......................................................... .............................78 Flooding.................................................................................... .............................78 Winterrainfall ........................................................................... .............................79 Geologyand geography ............................................................ .............................79 FloodTerminology ............................................................................... .............................80 Floodplain................................................................................. .............................80 100 -Year flood ........................................................................... .............................80 Floodway................................................................................... .............................80 City of Rosemead Ha =ard Mitigation Plan 5 Floodfringe ............................................................................... .............................80 Base -flood elevation ................................................................. .............................81 FloodingCharacteristics ....................................................................... .............................81 Riverineflooding ...................................................................... .............................81 Urbanflooding .......................................................................... .............................81 Damflooding ............................................................................ .............................81 HazardAssessment ................................................................................ .............................83 Hazard identification ................................................................. .............................84 Vulnerability assessment .......................................................... .............................84 Riskanalysis ............................................................................. .............................84 CommunityFlood Issues ...................................................................... .............................84 What is susceptible to damage during a flood event? ............... .............................84 Property loss resulting from flooding events ............................ .............................85 Manufactured homes ................................................................. .............................85 Business /industry ...................................................................... .............................85 Public Infrastructure .................................................................. .............................85 Roads......................................................................................... .............................85 Bridges...................................................................................... .............................86 Storm -water systems ................................................................. .............................86 Water services /wastewater treatment facilities ......................... .............................86 Waterquality ............................................................................. .............................86 Flood Mitigation Action Items .............................................................. .............................87 Flood Resource Directory ..................................................................... .............................91 Section3: Windstorms .................................................................................... .............................97 Why are Severe Windstorms a Threat to the City of Rosemead? ......... .............................97 Windstorm Characteristics in Southern California ............................... ........:....................97 Santa Ana Winds and Tornado -Like Wind Activity: ............................................ 97 What are Santa Ana Winds? ..................................................... .............................97 Tornados................................................................................... .............................98 Microbursts.............................................................:................. .............................98 Local History of Windstorm Events ......................................... .............................99 Windstorm Hazard Assessment ............................ ............................... ............................100 Hazard Identification ................................ ............................... ............................100 Community Windstorm Issues .............................. ............................... ............................101 What is Susceptible to Windstorms? ........ ............................... ............................101 Existing Windstorm Mitigation Activities ............ ............................... ............:...............104 HomeownerLiability: .......................................................................................... 105 Windstorm Mitigation Action Items ..................... ............................... ............................105 Windstorm Resource Directory ............................ ............................... ............................108 PartIII: Appendices ....................................................... ............................... ............................109 Appendix A: Benefit Cost Analysis ...................... ............................... ............................109 STAPLEEWorksheets .............................. ............................... ............................115 Appendix B: Public Outreach ............................... ............................... ............................120 Appendix C: Potential Grant Funding .................. ............................... ............................123 AppendixD: Acronyms ........................................ ............................... ............................127 AppendixE: Glossary ........................................... ............................... ............................132 City of Rosemead Hazard Mitigation Plan 6 List of Tables and Maps Tables Page AverageTemperatures .................................................................................. .............................26 Precipitation.................................................................................................. .............................27 Historic City of Rosemead's Population ...................................................... .............................30 HomeSales in Rosemead ............................................................................. .............................32 HousingStandards ........................................................................................ .............................33 Rosemead Labor Force ................................................................................. .............................34 Major Rosemead Employers ......................................................................... .............................34 All Hazards Assessment ............................................................................... .............................39 Federal Criteria for Risk Assessment ........................................................... .............................40 BeaufortScale ............................................................... ............................... ............................102 Maps Cityof Rosemead .......................................................................................... .............................25 EathquakePlanning Scenario ....................................................................... .............................55 Interactive Ground Motion Map ............... Southern California Earthquake Faults..... Puente Hills Fault ....... ............................... Los Angeles River Watershed .................. Santa Fe Dam Emergency Plan. ............... Santa Ana Wind Illustration ..................... City of Rosemead Hazard Mitigation Plan 7 Part I: Mitigation Action Plan Executive Summary The City of Rosemead Hazard Mitigation Action Plan includes resources and information to assist City residents, public- and private- sector organizations, and others interested in participating in planning for natural hazards. The Mitigation Plan provides a list of activities that may assist the City of Rosemead in reducing risk and preventing loss from future natural hazard events. The action items address multi - hazard issues, as well as activities for earthquakes and flooding. Executive Summary: Five -Year Action Plan The Five -Year Action Plan provides an overview of the Mitigation Plan mission, goals, and action items. The Plan action items are included in this section and address multi - hazard issues, as well as hazard - specific activities that can be implemented to reduce risk and prevent loss from future natural - hazard events. How is the Plan Organized? The Mitigation Plan contains a 5 -year action plan matrix, background on the purpose and methodology used to develop the Mitigation Plan, a profile of the City of Rosemead, sections on three natural hazards that occur in the City, and five appendices. The Mitigation Plan is organized into three parts. Part I contains an executive summary, introduction, community profile, risk assessment, multi- hazard action items, and Plan maintenance. Part II contains the three natural hazard sections, and Part III includes the appendices. Each section of the Plan is described below. Section l: Introduction The Introduction describes the background and purpose of developing the Mitigation Plan for the City of Rosemead. Section 2: Community Profile This section presents the history, geography, demographics, and socioeconomics of the City of Rosemead. It serves as a tool to provide a historic perspective of natural hazards in the City. Section 3: Risk Assessment This section provides information on hazard identification, vulnerability, and risk associated with natural hazards in the City of Rosemead. Section 4: Multi- Hazard Goals and Action Items This section provides information on the process used to develop goals and action items that cut across the three hazards addressed in the Mitigation Plan. Section 5: Plan Maintenance City of Rosemead Ha =ard Mitigation Plan This section provides information on Plan implementation, monitoring, and evaluation. Part II: Hazard - Specific Information Hazard - specific information on the three chronic hazards that are addressed in this Plan is presented. Chronic hazards occur with some regularity and may be predicted through historic evidence and scientific methods. The chronic hazards addressed in the Plan include: Section 1: Earthquake Section 2: Flooding Section 3: Windstorms Catastrophic hazards do not occur with the frequency of chronic hazards but can have devastating impacts on life, property, and the environment. In Southern California, because of the region's geology and terrain, earthquakes, earth movements, flooding and wildfires have the potential to be catastrophic as well as chronic hazards. For the coastal areas of Southern California, tsunamis, while very rare, have the potential to calamitously devastate low -lying coastal areas. Each of the hazard - specific sections includes information on the history of that hazard, causes and characteristics, hazard assessment, goals and action items, and local, state; and national resources. Part III: Resources The Plan appendices are designed to provide users of the City of Rosemead Hazard Mitigation Plan with additional information to assist them in understanding the contents of the Mitigation Plan, and potential resources to assist them with implementation. Appendix A: Benefit Cost Analysis This section describes FEMA's requirements for benefit/cost analysis in hazard mitigation, as well as various approaches for conducting an economic analysis of proposed mitigation activities. Appendix B: Public Outreach This appendix includes specific information on the various public meetings which occurred during development of the plan. Appendix C: Potential Grant Funding This appendix lists state and federal grant funding that is available for hazard mitigation, and it includes a summary of current private funding opportunities. Appendix D: Acronyms This section provides a list of acronyms for City, regional, state, and federal agencies and organizations that may be referred to in the City of Rosemead Hazard Mitigation Plan. Appendix E: Glossary City of Rosemead Hazard Mitigation Plan 9 This section provides a glossary of terms used throughout the plan. Who Participated in Developing the Plan? The City of Rosemead Ha2ard Mitigation Action Plan is the result of a collaborative effort between City of Rosemead citizens, public agencies, the private sector, and regional and state organizations. Public participation played a key role in development of goals and action items. Interviews were conducted with stakeholders across the City, and two public workshops were held to include City of Rosemead residents in Plan development. A project steering committee guided the process of developing the plan. The Steering Committee was comprised of representatives from: City of Rosemead Building and Safety City of Rosemead Economic Development City of Rosemead Public Safety Coordinator City of Rosemead Finance City of Rosemead Planning City of Rosemead Community Development City of Rosemead City Manager's Office City of Rosemead Public Works City of Rosemead Parks and Recreation Los Angeles County Sheriffs Department Office of Disaster Management, Area D San Gabriel Valley Council of Governments State Division of Mines and Geology Federal Emergency Management Agency Southern California Association of Governments California Emergency Management Agency Who Participated in Writing the Plan? The partial initial draft was prepared by Sean Sullivan. Roger Mason finished the draft and reorganized and edited the final document. How Was The Plan Developed? The Plan development began in early 2009. Documents from the CaIEMA Hazard Mitigation Portal were reviewed. The FEMA document on developing local mitigation plans was studied. Approximately a dozen approved local hazard mitigation plans were reviewed. A list of the potential participants and stakeholders was developed. City elected officials and the Emergency Services Coordinator also developed and reviewed a list of which persons, agencies, and organizations should serve on the Rosemead Hazard Mitigation Advisory Committee. A plan for public stakeholder meetings was established and two meetings were convened. Individual interviews were conducted of community members, associated stakeholders, and current and former employees. The interviews of former employees and community City of Rosemead Hazard Mitigation Plan 1 10 members were particularly valuable because they filled in historical information related to prior natural - hazard- related incidents in the history of Rosemead. Research was conducted relative to materials required about the City of Rosemead and a current risk assessment. From this data an original draft of the Plan was partially completed. How Was The Plan Reviewed and Revised? After the initial draft was written, the Plan was reviewed by a staff committee led by the Rosemead Emergency Services Coordinator. In August of 2010, a contractor, LECMgt, was hired to review the draft and make changes to ensure it conformed to the FEMA mitigation plan review crosswalk. Roger Mason of LECMgt contacted CaIEMA. Hazard Mitigation Review Team Sections of draft were discussed and revised prior to the initial submission for review by CalEMA. Mandy Wong received updates on the progress of the Plan throughout the revision process. What Is the Mission of the Plan? The mission of the City of Rosemead Natural Hazard Mitigation Plan is to promote sound public policy designed to protect citizens, critical facilities, infrastructure, private property, and the environment from natural hazards. This can be achieved by increasing public awareness, documenting the resources for risk reduction and loss - prevention, and identifying activities to guide the City toward building a safer, more sustainable community. What are the Plan Goals? The Plan goals describe the overall direction that City of Rosemead agencies, organizations, and citizens can take to work toward mitigating risk from natural hazards. The goals are stepping- stones between the broad direction of the mission statement and the specific recommendations outlined in the action items. Protect Life and Property • Implement activities that assist in protecting lives by making homes, businesses, infrastructure, critical facilities, and other property more resistant to losses from natural hazards. • Reduce losses and repetitive damages for chronic hazard events while promoting insurance coverage for catastrophic hazards. • Improve hazard- assessment information to make recommendations for discouraging new development in high - hazard areas and encouraging preventative measures for existing development in areas vulnerable to natural hazards. Public Awareness • Develop and implement education and outreach programs to increase public awareness of the risks associated with natural hazards. • Provide information on tools, partnership opportunities, and funding resources to assist in implementing mitigation activities. City of Rosemead Hazard Mitigation Plan 11 Natural Systems • Balance natural- resource management and land -use planning with natural hazard mitigation to protect life, property, and the environment. • Preserve, rehabilitate, and enhance natural systems to serve natural hazard mitigation functions. Partnerships and Implementation • Strengthen communication and coordinate participation among and within public agencies, citizens, nonprofit organizations, businesses, and industry to gain a vested interest in implementation. • Encourage leadership in public- and private- sector organizations to prioritize and implement local and regional hazard - mitigation activities. Emergency Services • Establish policy to ensure mitigation projects for critical facilities, services, and infrastructure. Strengthen emergency operations by increasing collaboration and coordination among public agencies, nonprofit organizations, businesses, and industry. Coordinate and integrate natural- hazard mitigation activities, where appropriate, with emergency operations plans and procedures. How Are the Action Items Organized? The action items are a listing of activities in which City agencies and citizens can be engaged to reduce risk. Each action item includes an estimate of the timeline for implementation. Short-term action items are activities that City agencies may implement with existing resources and authorities within 1 to 2 years. Long -term action items may require new or additional resources or authorities, and may take between 1 and 5 years (or more) to implement. The action items are organized in the following matrix, which is listed all of the multi - hazard and hazard- specific action items included in the Mitigation Plan. Data collection, research, and the public participation process resulted in the development of these action items (see Appendix B). The matrix includes the following information for each action item: Coordinating Organization The coordinating organization is the public agency with regulatory responsibility to address natural hazards, or one that is willing and able to organize resources, find appropriate funding, or oversee activity implementation, monitoring, and evaluation. Coordinating organizations may include local, county, or regional agencies that are capable of or responsible for implementing activities and programs. Timeline Action items include both short-term and long -term activities. Each action item includes an estimate of the timeline for implementation. Short-term action items are activities that City agencies are capable of implementing with existing resources and authorities within City of Rosemead Hazard Mitigation Plan 12 I to 2 years. Long -tern action items may require new or additional resources or authorities, and may take between 1 and 5 years (or more) to implement. Ideas for Implementation Each action item includes ideas for implementation and potential resources, which may include grant programs or human resources. Plan Goals Addressed The Plan goals addressed by each action item are included as a way to monitor and evaluate how well the Mitigation Plan is achieving its goals once implementation begins. The Plan goals are organized into the following five areas: 1. Protect Life and Property 2. Public Awareness 3. Natural Systems 4. Partnerships and Implementation 5. Emergency Services Partner Organizations Partner organizations are not listed with the individual action items or in the Plan matrix. Partner organizations are agencies or public /private sector organizations that may be able to assist in the implementation of action items by providing relevant resources to the coordinating organization. The partner organizations listed in the Resource Directory of the City of Rosemead Hazard Mitigation Plan are potential partners recommended by the project steering committee, but were not necessarily contacted during the development of the Mitigation Plan. Partner organizations should be contacted by the coordinating organization to establish commitment of time and resources to action items. Constraints Constraints may apply to some of the action items. These constraints may be a lack of city staff, lack of funds, or vested property rights that might expose the City to legal action as a result of adverse impacts on private property. How Will the Plan be Implemented, Monitored, and Evaluated? The Plan Maintenance Section of this document details the formal process that will ensure that the City of Rosemead Hazard Mitigation Plan remains an active and relevant document. The plan - maintenance process includes a schedule for monitoring and evaluating the Plan annually and producing a Plan revision every 5 years. This section describes how the City will integrate public participation throughout the plan - maintenance process. Finally, this section includes an explanation of how the City of Rosemead government intends to incorporate the mitigation strategies outlined in this Plan into existing planning mechanisms such as the City's General Plan, Capital Improvement Plans, and Building & Safety Codes. City of Rosemead Hazard Mitigation Plan 13 Plan Adoption Adoption of the Hazard Mitigation Plan by the local jurisdiction's governing body is one of the prime requirements for approval of the plan. Once the Plan is completed, the City Council will be responsible for adopting the City of Rosemead Hazard Mitigation Plan The local agency governing body has the responsibility and authority to promote sound public policy regarding natural hazards. The City Council will periodically need to re- adopt the Plan as it is revised to meet changes in natural hazard risks and exposures in the community. The approved Hazard Mitigation Plan will be significant in the future growth and development of the community. Coordinating Body A City of Rosemead Hazard Mitigation Advisory Committee will be responsible for coordinating implementation of Plan action items and undertaking the formal review process. The City Manager will assign representatives from City departments, including, but not limited to, the current Hazard Mitigation Advisory Committee members. Convener The City Council is responsible for adopting the City of Rosemead Hazard Mitigation Plan, and the Hazard Mitigation Advisory Committee is responsible for Plan implementation. The City Manager or designee will serve as a convener to facilitate the Hazard Mitigation Advisory Committee meetings, and will assign tasks such as updating and presenting the Plan to the members of the committee. Plan implementation and evaluation will be a shared responsibility among all of the Hazard Advisory Committee Members. Implementation through Existing Programs The City of Rosemead addresses statewide planning goals and legislative requirements through its General Plan, Capital Improvement Plans, Strategic Plan, and City Building & Safety Codes. The Hazard Mitigation Plan provides a series of recommendations that are closely related to the goals and objectives of these existing planning programs. The City of Rosemead will have the opportunity to implement recommended mitigation action items through existing programs and procedures. Economic Analysis of Mitigation Projects The Federal Emergency Management Agency's approaches to identify costs and benefits associated with hazard mitigation strategies or projects fall into two general categories: benefit /cost analysis and cost- effectiveness analysis. Conducting benefit/cost analysis for a mitigation activity can assist communities in determining whether a project is worth undertaking now, in order to avoid disaster - related damages later. Cost - effectiveness analysis evaluates how best to spend a given amount of money to achieve a specific goal. Determining the economic feasibility of mitigating natural hazards can provide decision makers with an understanding of the potential benefits and costs of an activity, as well as a basis on which to compare alternative projects. City of Rosemead Hazard Mitigation Plan 14 Formal Review Process The City of Rosemead Hazard Mitigation Plan will be evaluated on an annual basis to determine the effectiveness of programs, and to reflect changes in land development or programs that may affect mitigation priorities. The evaluation process includes a firm schedule and timeline, and identifies the local agencies and organizations participating in Plan evaluation. The convener will be responsible for contacting Hazard Mitigation Advisory Committee members and organizing the annual meeting. Committee members will be responsible for monitoring and evaluating the progress of the mitigation strategies in the Plan. Continued Public Involvement The City of Rosemead is dedicated to involving the public directly in the continual review and updates of the Hazard Mitigation Plan. Copies of the Plan will be catalogued and made available at all City facilities, the Rosemead branch of the Los Angeles County Public Library, and the City website, www.cityofrosemead.org. The existence and location of these copies will be publicized in City newsletters. The Plan also includes the address and the phone number of the Emergency Services Coordinator, responsible for keeping track of public comments on the Plan. In addition, copies of the Plan and any proposed changes will be posted on the City website, which will also contain an email address and phone number to which people can direct their comments and concerns. Funding Sources These action items will be funded through a variety of sources, possibly including the operating budget/general fund, Community Development Block Grant (CDBG), Hazard Mitigation Grant Program (HMGP), Capital Improvement Program (CIP), other grants, private funding, and any other funding opportunities that may arise (see Appendix Q. City of Rosemead Hazard Mitigation Plan 15 Section 1: Introduction Throughout the City's history, Rosemead residents have dealt with the various natural hazards affecting the area Historic photos, journal entries, and newspapers articles indicate the residents of Rosemead have experienced earthquakes and flooding. Although there were fewer people in the area, natural hazards adversely affected the lives of those who depended on the land and climate conditions for food and welfare. As the population of the City continues to increase, the exposure to natural hazards creates an even higher risk than previously experienced. The City of Rosemead is the 35th most populous city in Los Angeles County, and offers the benefits of living in a Mediterranean type of climate in a culturally diverse environment. The City of Rosemead is located in the San Gabriel Valley and is a part of Los Angeles County Mutual Aid Area D. While the people, institutions, climate, and infrastructure have enabled the LA region to emerge as a leading business, trade, and cultural center, the potential impacts of natural hazards associated with the terrain make the environment and population vulnerable to natural- disaster situations. The City is subject to earthquakes, flooding, and windstorms. It is impossible to predict exactly when these disasters will occur, or the extent to which they will affect the City. However, with careful planning and collaboration among public agencies, private- sector organizations, and citizens in the community, it is possible to minimize the losses that can result from these natural disasters. Recent experiences with natural disasters have included earthquakes and rainstorm events. On October 1, 1987, the Los Angles - Whittier Narrows Earthquake occurred, which measured 5.9 on the Richter scale. Most of the damage from the earthquake occurred southeast of the epicenter in the City of Whittier. The County of Los Angeles estimated the total property damage from the earthquake to be approximately $358 million. Damage to property within Rosemead city boundaries was substantial, incurring damage to Southern California Edison, Cal Fed Savings (now Countrywide Saving regional facility), and Chicago Title (now Panda Restaurant Group) headquarters. The City of Rosemead was also affected by flooding associated with severe storm events in January 1993 and 1995. Damage to City facilities was relatively light. However, these storms were of statewide significance, receiving both state and federal disaster declarations (DR -979 and DR -1044) and resulting in 20 deaths and $600 million in damage in 1993 and 11 deaths and $741.4 million in damage in 1995. The first local disaster proclaimed by the City of Rosemead occurred in December 2011, during severe windstorms that struck the San Gabriel Valley. Why Develop a Mitigation Plan? The Hazard Mitigation Plan is a requirement from the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA). The Plan is an attempt to develop pre- disaster mitigation strategies in City of Rosemead Hazard Mitigation Plan 16 order to prevent human and economic loss in the event of a natural disaster such as an earthquake, landslide, or wildfire. All cities and jurisdictions are required to prepare this Plan in order to qualify for FEMA pre- disaster and post- disaster mitigation funding. As the cost of damage from natural disasters continues to increase, the community realizes the importance of identifying effective ways to reduce vulnerability to disasters. Hazard- Mitigation Plans assist communities in reducing risk from natural hazards by identifying resources, information, and strategies for risk reduction, while helping to guide and coordinate mitigation activities throughout the City. The Plan provides a set of action items to reduce risk from natural hazards through education and outreach programs and to foster the development of partnerships and encourage implementation of preventative activities such as land -use programs that restrict and control development in areas subject to damage from natural hazards. The resources and information in the Mitigation Plan: 1. Establish a basis for coordination and collaboration among agencies and the public in the City of Rosemead, 2. Identify and prioritize future mitigation projects, and 3. Assist in meeting the requirements of federal assistance programs. The Mitigation Plan works in conjunction with other City plans, including the City General Plan and Emergency Operations Plan. Whom Does the Mitigation Plan Affect? The City of Rosemead Hazard Mitigation Plan affects the entire city. This Plan provides a framework for planning for natural hazards. The resources and background information in the Plan are applicable Citywide, and the goals and recommendations can lay groundwork for local Mitigation Plans and partnerships. Natural Hazard Land -Use Policy in California Planning for natural hazards should be an integral element of any city's land -use planning program. All California cities and counties have General Plans and implementing ordinances that are required to comply with the statewide planning regulations. The continuing challenge faced by local officials and state government is to keep the network of local plans effective in responding to the changing conditions and needs of California's diverse communities, particularly in light of the very active seismic region in which we live. This is particularly true in the case of planning for natural hazards where communities must balance development pressures with detailed information on the nature and extent of hazards. Planning for natural hazards requires local plans that include inventories, policies, and ordinances to guide development in hazard areas. These inventories should include the compendium of hazards facing the community, the built environment at risk, City of Rosemead Hazard Miligation Plan 17 the personal property that may be damaged by hazard events, and most of all, the people who live in the shadow of these hazards. Support for Natural Hazard Mitigation The primary responsibility for development and implementation of risk - reduction strategies and policies lies with local jurisdictions. Local jurisdictions, however, are not alone. Partners and resources exist at the regional, state, and federal levels. Numerous California state agencies have a role in natural hazards and natural hazard mitigation. Some of the key agencies include: • The California Emergency Management Agency: responsible for disaster mitigation, preparedness, response, recovery, and the administration of federal funds after a major disaster declaration. • The Southern California Earthquake Center (SCEC): gathers information about earthquakes, integrates this information on earthquake phenomena, and communicates this to end -users and the general public to increase earthquake awareness, reduce economic losses, and save lives. • The California Division of Forestry (CDF): responsible for all aspects of wildland fire protection on private and state lands; administers forest - practices regulations, including landslide mitigation on nonfederal lands. • The California Division of Mines and Geology (DMG): responsible for geologic hazard characterization, public education, the development of partnerships aimed at reducing risk, and exceptions (based on science -based refinement of tsunami inundation -zone delineation) to state - mandated tsunami zone restrictions. • The California Division of Water Resources (DWR): plans, designs, constructs, operates, and maintains the State Water Project; regulates dams, provides flood protection, and assists in emergency management. It also educates the public and serves local water needs by providing technical assistance. Plan Methodology Information in the Mitigation Plan is based on research from a variety of sources. Staff from the City of Rosemead conducted data research and analysis, facilitated steering committee meetings and public workshops, and developed the final Mitigation Plan. The research methods and various contributions to the Plan include: Input from the Steering Committee The Hazard Mitigation Advisory Committee convened over time to guide development of the Mitigation Plan. The committee played an integral role in developing the mission, goals, and action items for the Mitigation Plan. The committee consisted of representatives of public and private agencies and organizations in City of Rosemead, including: City of Rosemead Hazard Mitigation Plan 18 City of Rosemead Building and Safety City of Rosemead Public Safety City of Rosemead Finance City of Rosemead Planning City of Rosemead City Manager's Office City of Rosemead Public Works Services City of Rosemead Engineering City of Rosemead Economic Development Los Angeles County Sheriffs Department Stakeholder Interviews City staff conducted 10 interviews with individuals and specialists from organizations interested in natural hazards planning. The interviews identified common concerns related to natural hazards and identified key long -term and short-term activities to reduce risk from natural hazards. Stakeholders interviewed for the Plan included representatives from: Water Providers School District(s) Los Angeles County Sheriff's Department Utility Providers Local Businesses City of Rosemead Chamber of Commerce State and Federal Guidelines and Requirements for Mitigation Plans The following are the Federal requirements for approval of a Hazard Mitigation Plan: • Open public involvement, with public meetings that introduce the process and project requirements. • The public must be afforded opportunities for involvement in identifying and assessing risk, drafting a plan, and approval stages of the plan. • Community cooperation, with opportunity for other local government agencies, the business community, educational institutions, and nonprofit organizations to participate in the process. • Incorporation of local documents, including the local General Plan, the Zoning Ordinance, the Building Codes, and other pertinent documents. The following components must be part of the planning process: • Complete documentation of the planning process • A detailed risk assessment on hazard exposures in the community • A comprehensive mitigation strategy that describes the goals and objectives, including proposed strategies, programs and actions to avoid long -term vulnerabilities. A plan- maintenance process that describes the method and schedule of monitoring, evaluating, and updating the plan, and integration of the All Hazard Mitigation Plan into other planning mechanisms. City of Rosemead Hazard Mitigation Plan 19 Formal adoption by the City Council Plan Review by both the California Emergency Management Agency (CaIEMA) and FEMA These requirements are spelled out in greater detail in sections of the Plan and supporting documentation. A minimum of two public workshops (or other public forums) is recommended to meet the requirement for public participation, in addition to the inclusion of representatives from outside organizations on the planning committee itself. The timing and scheduling of the workshops may vary from one community to another depending on how each City's committee organizes its work and the particular needs of the community. City of Rosemead staff examined existing mitigation plans from around the country, current FEMA hazard- mitigation planning standards (386 series), and the State of California Natural Hazard Mitigation Plan Guidance. Hazard - Specific Research The City of Rosemead staff collected data and compiled research on three hazards: earthquakes, flooding, and windstorms. Research materials came from state agencies including CaIEMA, and California Department of Forestry (CDF). The City of Rosemead staff conducted research by referencing historical local newspapers, interviewing residents and City employees, and locating City of Rosemead information in historical documents. The City of Rosemead staff identified current mitigation activities, resources, programs, and potential action items from research materials and stakeholder interviews. Documents and Plans Reviewed During the preparation of this plan, reports and documents from the City of Rosemead were reviewed. The documents that were reviewed include: budgets from 2009 -2012, Rosemead community development commission reports, the City Strategic Plan, and the Los Angeles County Economic Development Corporation's 2011 -2012 Economic Forecast and Industry Outlook for Los Angeles County. These documents provided information relating to the economic condition of the City, plans for community development, and the economic forecast for Los Angeles County and the State of California. These issues impacted the Rosemead Multi- Hazard Mitigation Plan in the general and specific action items that were selected. The slow economic recovery limited the number and scope of general and specific mitigation actions. These items had to be designed so they could be accomplished given the current state of the economy and City budget. Public Workshops The City of Rosemead staff facilitated two public workshops to gather comments and ideas from Rosemead citizens about mitigation planning and priorities for Mitigation Plan goals. The first workshop, held June 17, 2009, attracted 8 citizens, and the second, held August 19, 2009, brought 36 citizens. The City of Rosemead also held two disaster City of Rosemead Hazard Mitigation Plan 20 and emergency committee meetings open to the public on September 30, 2010, and August 25, 2011 (see Appendix B). The resources and information cited in the Mitigation Plan provide a strong local perspective and help identify strategies and activities to make the City of Rosemead more disaster resilient. How Is the Plan Used? Each section of the Mitigation Plan provides information and resources to assist people in understanding the City and the hazard- related issues facing citizens, businesses, and the environment. Combined, the sections of the Plan work together to create a document that guides the mission to reduce risk and prevent loss from future natural hazard events. The structure of the Plan enables people to use a section of interest to them. It also allows City government to review and update sections when new data becomes available. The ability to update individual sections of the Mitigation Plan places less of a financial burden on the City. Decision makers can allocate funding and staff resources to selected pieces in need of review, thereby avoiding a full update, which can be costly and time - consuming. New data can be easily incorporated, resulting in a hazard mitigation plan that remains current and relevant to the City of Rosemead. City of Rosemead Hazard Mitigation Plan 21 Section 2: Community Profile Why Plan for Natural Hazards in the City of Rosemead? Natural hazards impact citizens, property, the environment, and the economy of the City of Rosemead. Earthquakes, flooding, and windstorms have exposed the City of Rosemead residents and businesses to the financial and emotional costs of recovering after natural disasters. The risk associated with natural hazards increases as more people move to areas affected by natural hazards. Even in those communities that are essentially "built- out," that is, that they have little or no vacant land remaining for development, population density continues to increase as low- density housing is replaced with medium- and high- density development projects. The inevitability of natural hazards and the growing population and activity in the City create an urgent need to develop strategies, coordinate resources, and increase public awareness to reduce risk and prevent loss from future natural hazard events. Identifying the risks posed by natural hazards and developing strategies to reduce the impact of a hazard event can assist in protecting the life and property of citizens and communities. Local residents and businesses can work together with the City to create a Hazard Mitigation Plan that addresses the potential impacts of hazard events. Geography and the Environment The City of Rosemead has an area of 5.16 square miles and is located in the east - central section of Los Angeles County, about 12 miles east of the Los Angeles Civic Center. Rosemead is located in the San Gabriel Valley. Rosemead is part of the El Monte Quadrangle study area, according to the State Resources Agency. The study area covers about 62 square miles in east - central Los Angeles County. It lies in the densely populated western San Gabriel Valley and includes all of the cities of Temple City, San Gabriel, Rosemead, and South El Monte, as well as most of the City of El Monte and parts of Alhambra, San Marino, Monterey Park, Montebello, Pico Rivera, Arcadia, Monrovia, Industry, Baldwin Park, Commerce, and Whittier. The San Gabriel Valley is a sediment - filled, east - trending structural trough situated along the southern flank of the San Gabriel Mountains. The San Gabriel Mountains are a major component of the Transverse Ranges geomorphic province of California and are comprised largely of plutonic and metamorphic rocks. In the El Monte Quadrangle, the southern boundary of the San Gabriel Valley is defined by the Puente and Montebello Hills, which are comprised of tertiary marine and non - marine sedimentary rocks. These highland areas are separated by the Whittier Narrows, through which the nearly converging Rio Hondo and San Gabriel rivers flow. The valley is in a transition zone from the east —west trending Transverse Ranges (San Gabriel and San Bernardino Mountains) geographical province to the northwesterly City of Rosemead Ha =ard Mitigation Plan 22 trending Peninsular Ranges (Santa Ana Mountains) province. The two provinces merge locally at the Puente Hills, the Repetto Hills, and the San Jose Hills but otherwise are separated by valleys and basins such as the Los Angeles Basin, San Gabriel Basin, and Upper Santa Ana River Basin. Rosemead is on a relatively flat plain along the southern margin of the San Gabriel Valley. The floor of the San Gabriel Valley has a very gentle southerly slope that directs drainage from the San Gabriel Mountains to Whittier Narrows where streams merge and escape onto the coastal plain of the Los Angeles Basin where they flow south to San Pedro Bay. The southern margin of the San Gabriel Valley comprises a series of low - elevation, rounded hills that rise about 500 feet above the valley floor. Elevations in the City range from a high of 380 feet to a low of 220 feet. The terrain of the city is generally flat and prior to development was a vast expanse of pastureland suited for ranching or farming. Major rivers /streams in the San Gabriel Valley are the Rio Hondo and San Gabriel Rivers. Prior to 1943, the San Gabriel River fed the Rio Hondo River, but construction of the Santa Fe Dam in Irwindale diverted the water to form two separate streams. The Narrows, which is the gap between the Puente Hills and the Montebello (Merced) Hills, represents the lowest elevation in the San Gabriel Valley through which the Rio Hondo and San Gabriel Rivers flow. Four major Los Angeles County Flood Control District Channels traverse or are adjacent to the City including Eaton Wash, Rubio Wash, Alhambra Wash, and the Rio Hondo Channel. Rubio Wash traverses the city from the northwest to the southeast before emptying into the Rio Hondo Channel. Eaton Wash runs parallel to Strang Avenue and is the northeastern boundary of the City before it drains into the Rio Hondo channel. Alhambra Wash on the west boundary flows into Whittier Narrows at the Whittier narrows Golf Course. The nearest major river is the San Gabriel River. This river does not have any potential flood impact on the City of Rosemead. Normally this river channel is dry and carries a significant water flow only during a major rain storm. The river channel is part of the County Flood Control District. Community Snapshot The City of Rosemead has a rich history. The area comprising the City of Rosemead was first settled in 1851 and the City itself was incorporated in 1959. The first American pioneers to take up residence in what is now Rosemead were part of a settlement known eventually as the El Monte Township, which played a significant part in California's early pioneer history. It was first an encampment on the Old Spanish Trail, an extension of the Santa Fe Trail from Missouri to Santa Fe. By the 1850s, some began to call El Monte the "End of the Santa Fe Trail." In 1851, El Monte's first pioneers trekked the Santa Fe Trail to un- appropriated land in the San City of Rosemead Hazard Mitigation Plan 23 Gabriel Valley. Early in that decade, a permanent settlement was established by immigrants from Texas and other southeastern states. Much of what is today Rosemead was above the lowlands of El Monte that were subject to flooding and had a high water table. Being on the road to the San Gabriel Mission and Los Angeles, Rosemead was part of a vast pastureland that was well- drained, free of flooding, and as such well- suited and situated for agriculture, ranching, and commerce. The City is served by the San Bernardino Freeway (I -10) and Pomona Freeway (State Highway 60). The major arterial north -south highways are Rosemead Boulevard, Walnut Grove Avenue, and San Gabriel Boulevard. Valley Boulevard and Garvey Avenue are key east -west routes. The street - sweeping map on the next page shows the area the City encompasses, along with the major streets. The I -10 and State Highway 60, both of which run east -west, are located in the center of and at the south end of City boundaries, respectively. City of Rosemead Hazard Mitigation Plan 24 STREET SWEEPING MAP roX e.m Im, ,u Lt I I 1, IRP Legend L FRIDAY. loam to 2pm 1 - FRIDAY. Gam to 10am rm FRIDAY. Sam to 12pm MONDAY. 10am to 2pm 3 MONDAY Gam to loam MONDAY Sam to 12pm _ THURSDAY. 10am to 2pm L THURSDAY. Sam to 10am E THURSDAY Sam to 12pm L TUESDAY. 10amto2pm TUESDAY. Sam to 10am TUESDAY. Sam to 12pm WEDNESDAY. 10am to 2pm TMX ` ! WEDNESDAY Sam to loam .m lx Ay. WEDNESDAY Sam to 12p. ttttttt� COMMERCIAL STREETS- - city boundary ' Srvepl luebry> 6 RMp !xn b gem Iae iarMp,esuava 1x eXM iwRp,pl MO_ L W Lt I I 1, IRP Legend L FRIDAY. loam to 2pm 1 - FRIDAY. Gam to 10am rm FRIDAY. Sam to 12pm MONDAY. 10am to 2pm 3 MONDAY Gam to loam MONDAY Sam to 12pm _ THURSDAY. 10am to 2pm L THURSDAY. Sam to 10am E THURSDAY Sam to 12pm L TUESDAY. 10amto2pm TUESDAY. Sam to 10am TUESDAY. Sam to 12pm WEDNESDAY. 10am to 2pm TMX ` ! WEDNESDAY Sam to loam .m lx Ay. WEDNESDAY Sam to 12p. ttttttt� COMMERCIAL STREETS- - city boundary ' Srvepl luebry> 6 RMp !xn b gem Iae iarMp,esuava 1x eXM iwRp,pl City of Rosemead Hazard Mitigation Plan 25 The Burlington Northern -Union Pacific Railroad serves the city with tracks along the northern border of the city. Public transportation is provided through a variety of service approaches including fully accessible fixed -route MTA buses, MetroLink light -rail trains, Rosemead's Dial -a -Ride, Rosemead Explorer services, and Access paratransit services. Public buses operate on fixed schedules. The City shares common boundaries with the municipalities of San Gabriel, Temple City, El Monte, Montebello, Monterey Par, and Alhambra. Incorporated August 4, 1959, Rosemead operates as a general -law city. It has a council— manager form of government, with five council members elected at large for 4 -year overlapping terms. The City's principal employers are Southern California Edison, Panda Restaurant Group, Wal -Mart, Hermetic Seal Corporation, Target, Irish Construction, and Rosemead and Garvey School Districts. The City contracts with the Los Angeles County Sheriff's Department for law enforcement services. Fire protection is provided through the Los Angeles County Fire Department. Two fire stations are located in the City, including two engine companies and one ladder company. The City is served by the Alhambra Unified, Garvey, Rosemead, and El Monte school districts, and a list of the various schools may be found in Section 3 in the list of critical facilities. Religious and cultural facilities include two dozen churches and temples of various denominations and one public library. Recreation facilities for residents include six major public parks, ten playgrounds, two municipal swimming pools, and several baseball diamonds. Rosemead is bordered on the southeast by the Whittier Narrows Dam Recreation Area, which includes the Whittier Narrows Golf Course, Legg Lake, and other regional recreational fields and nature areas. Climate The San Gabriel Valley boasts a year -round climate with an average daytime temperature of 76 degrees Fahrenheit. Southern California's climate is generally sunny and warm with gentle ocean breezes in the summer. The humidity is low with little rain. Temperatures in Rosemead range from the mid -50s to 70 degrees in the winter months and mid -80s to 100+ degrees in the summer months. However, the temperatures can vary over a wide range, particularly when the Santa Ana winds blow, bringing higher temperatures and very low humidity. Average Temperatures JW Feb Mar Apr May Jun 1W Aig Sep CC Nov Dec ely * rerage uyI. .verge City of Rosemead Hazard Mitigation Plan 26 Annual precipitation is approximately 15 inches, with 34 average days of rain per year. Furthermore, actual rainfall in Southern California tends to precipitate in large amounts during sporadic and often heavy storms rather than consistently over storms at somewhat regular intervals. Rainfall in Southern California may be characterized as feast or famine in a single year. Because the metropolitan basin is largely built out, water originating in higher elevation communities can have a sudden impact on adjoining communities that have a lower elevation. Predpitaft e. m US avemOa The land/sea breeze is the primary factor affecting the region's mild climate. The daytime winds are predominantly onshore sea breezes from the northwest, which flow at relatively low velocities. The sea breezes exhibit velocities below 15 miles per hour (mph) approximately 96% of the time, and below 4 mph about half the time, with an average velocity of 5 to 7 mph. During the night, the winds usually slow and reverse direction, and travel toward the sea. These land breezes flow from the southeast at I to 2 mph. Wind direction and speed (which in turn affect atmospheric stability) are the most important climate - related elements affecting the ambient air quality of the San Gabriel Valley and the South Coast Air Basin, of which the valley is a part. The onshore dominant daytime winds occur between noon and 7:00 p.m., following the peak travel period (6 am.-9 a.m.) in the Los Angeles County/Orange County metropolitan areas. A combination of low wind speeds and low inversions creates the highest pollutant concentrations. Consequently, during periods of low inversions and low wind speeds, the net transport for air pollutants generated in these more urbanized areas is predominantly onshore, through the Santa Ana Canyon, into Riverside County and San Bernardino County. The average wind speed in Los Angeles is the lowest of the nation's ten largest urban areas. The maximum mixing height during the summer months in Southern California averages the lowest in the nation, reducing the vertical dispersion of pollutants in the air mass. The region experiences more days of sunshine than any other major urban area in the nation except Phoenix. The abundant sunshine in Southern California drives photochemical reactions, which form secondary pollutants, including ozone. Although emissions in Southern California change somewhat by season, the observed variations in pollutant concentrations are largely the result of seasonal differences in weather City ojRosemead Hazard Mitigation Plan 27 conditions. Ozone concentrations peak during the summer months (May through September) when high temperatures cause ozone precursors to evaporate faster and contribute to stagnant air conditions. Southern California, with the lowest summertime mean mixing height, the lowest average wind speed, and emissions from the second - largest urban area in the United States, has one of the worst air - pollution problems in the nation. Minerals and Soils The characteristics of the minerals and soils present in the City of Rosemead indicate the potential types of hazards that may occur. Rock hardness and soil characteristics can determine whether an area will be prone to geologic hazards such as earthquakes, liquefaction, and landslides. The San Gabriel Valley is a sediment - filled valley underlain by a bowl- shaped depression or basin in crystalline basement rocks. The sedimentary fill of the basin is up to about 11,000 feet thick in the central part of the basin and comprises both non - indurate Quaternary sediments and sedimentary rocks. In the City, the basement rocks are overlain by about 7,000 to 8,000 feet of sediment and sedimentary rocks. The detailed distribution of sediments and sedimentary rocks in the basin are not well known. Quaternary geologic units exposed in the El Monte Quadrangle were mapped in detail by McCalpin (unpublished) and Tan (1997). Their maps are based on stratigraphic, geomorphic, and petrologic criteria — namely relative stratigraphic position, environment -of deposition, relative degree of erosion, soil type, soil development, and texture (grain size). Both maps were employed in the valuation of liquefaction susceptibility of the El Monte Quadrangle. The survey shows that most of the study area is covered by valley alluvial sediments of Quaternary age. In the northwestern half of the quadrangle, these deposits consist of varying amounts of sand, gravel, and silt layers that are incorporated within large, composite alluvial fans associated with the Alhambra, Rubio, Eaton, Arcadia, Santa Anita, and Sawpit washes. In the southeastern half of the study area, flood plain and over - bank deposits associated with the Rio Hondo and San Gabriel rivers constitute most of the surface deposits. The general mineralogy of the Quaternary sediments reflects the composition of Pretertiary crystalline bedrock units exposed in the San Gabriel Mountains to the north and, to a lesser extent, Tertiary sedimentary units exposed in the Montebello Hills and Puente Hills to the south. For the El Monte Quadrangle, a geologic map was compiled and digitized by Southern California Mapping Project (SCAMP: Morton & Kennedy, 1989). In the field, observations were made of exposures, aspects of weathering, and general surface expression of the geologic units. In addition, the relation of the various geologic units to development and abundance of landslides was noted. The oldest rock unit mapped in the El Monte Quadrangle is the middle -upper Miocene Puente Formation consisting of a very City of Rosemead Hazard Mitigation Plan 28 thick sequence of marine sandstone, siltstone, shale, and pebble conglomerate. It occurs to a very limited extent in the southeastern corner of the quadrangle. Quaternary deposits cover the floor and margins of the San Gabriel Valley, including stream channels, alluvial fans, and flood plains. They are composed of active channel wash, younger alluvial -fan deposits, and older alluvial -fan and terrace deposits. Landslides are widespread in the southern portion of the quadrangle, although not in Rosemead, due to the lack of significant elevation changes within the city limits. Other Significant Geologic Features The City of Rosemead, like most of the Los Angeles Basin, lies over the area of one or more known earthquake faults, and potentially many more unknown faults, particularly so- called lateral or blind thrust faults. The major faults that have the potential to affect the greater Los Angeles Basin, and therefore the City of Rosemead are the following: • San Andreas • Newport- Inglewood • Whittier - Elsinore • Raymond • San Fernando • Verdugo and Elysian Park Anticline • Palos Verdes • Sierra Madre • Santa Monica The Los Angeles Basin has a history of powerful and relatively frequent earthquakes, dating back to the powerful 8.0+ San Andreas earthquake of 1857 which did substantial damage to the relatively few buildings that existed at the time. Paleoseismological research indicates that large (8.0 +) earthquakes occur on the San Andreas fault at intervals between 45 and 332 years with an average interval of 140 years. Other lesser faults have also caused very damaging earthquakes since 1857. Notable earthquakes include the Long Beach earthquake of 1933, the San Fernando Earthquake of 1971, the Whittier Earthquake of 1987, and the Northridge Earthquake of 1994. In addition, many areas in the Los Angeles Basin have sandy soils that are subject to liquefaction. The City of Rosemead is an area identified as being prone to liquefaction following an earthquake. For additional information, see Part II, Section 1: Earthquake Hazards. Population and Demographics The City of Rosemead has a population of about 53,764, according to the 2010 Census, in an area of 5.16 square miles. Rosemead's population growth rate has historically matched that of surrounding communities in recent decades. In the 1940s, the population was estimated at 9,500. The 1960 Census, the first taken after Rosemead's incorporation in City of Rosemead Hazard Mitigation Plan 29 1959, showed a population of 15,476. The dramatic growth between the 1960 and 1970 Census can be attributed to both City annexations of unincorporated areas and increased housing development to support demand for households working in major employment centers in the Los Angeles Metropolitan area. Rosemead experienced only minor population growth in the 1970s (3.9 %). However, during the 1980s, the City's population increased by more than 21 %. According to the population - growth figures of the State Department of Finance, the cities that surround Rosemead (which include Alhambra, El Monte, Montebello, Monterey Park, San Gabriel, and South El Monte) grew from 418,159 to 461,400 persons between 1990 and 2000, an increase of 10 %, which is similar to the overall 10% increase for the county as a whole. Historic City of Rosemead's Population Year 1940 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2008 Population 9,500 15,476 40,972 42,604 51,638 53,505 57,422 Sources: Rosemead Chamber of Commerce, U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1960, 1970, 1980, 1990, 2000 Census Reports; State of Calif, Dept. of Finance, The increase of people living in the City of Rosemead creates more community exposure, and changes how agencies prepare for and respond to natural hazards. In the 1987 publication, Fire Following Earthquake, issued by the All Industry Research Advisory Council, Charles Scawihorn explained how a post - earthquake urban conflagration would develop. The conflagration would be started by fires resulting from earthquake damage, but made much worse by the loss of pressure in the fire mains, caused by either lack of electricity to power water pumps or the loss of water pressure resulting from broken fire mains. Furthermore, increased density can affect risk. For example, narrower streets are more difficult for emergency service vehicles to navigate, the higher ratio of residents to emergency responders affects response times, and homes located closer together increase the chances of fires spreading. The City of Rosemead has the potential for a great deal of in -fill building, which will increase the population density, creating greater service loads on the built infrastructure, including roads, water supply, sewer services, and storm drains. As shown in the results of the 2010 U.S. Census, Rosemead has a diverse ethnic population, 57% of which is foreign -born. The majority of the City's residents are Asian, comprising 60.7% of Rosemead's 2010 population. Residents who identify as Hispanic or Latino, a designation that may overlap with other racial categories, accounted for 33.8% of the population. The proportion of white -only residents has significantly decreased from 65% in 1980 to 4.7% in 2010, reflecting an influx of other ethnic groups. Black, American Indian, and others are the least represented ethnic groups, in total comprising approximately 2% of Rosemead residents. This ethnic and cultural diversity suggests a need to address multicultural needs and services. City of Rosemead Hazard Mitigation Plan 30 Based on the ethnically diverse population of the City of Rosemead, Rosemead residents speak different languages. A full 80% of Rosemead residents over age 5 speak a language other than English at home. The prominent languages in the City of Rosemead are English, Spanish, Chinese, and Vietnamese. These latter three languages are so prevalent that the City publicizes all City communications in them as well as in English. Natural hazards do not discriminate, but the impacts in terns of vulnerability and the ability to recover vary greatly among the population. According to Peggy Stahl of the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) Preparedness, Training, and Exercise Directorate, 80% of the disaster burden falls on the public, and within that number, a disproportionate burden is placed on special needs groups: women, children, minorities, and the poor. Vulnerable populations, including senior and disabled citizens, women, and children, as well as those people living in poverty, may be disproportionately impacted by natural hazards. Currently, 14.2% of Rosemead's households live below the poverty line; the group with the highest rate of poverty, at 24.3 %, is the portion of female- headed households with no husband present and with related children under age 18. The special needs of many elderly households result from their lower fixed incomes, physical disabilities, and dependence needs; elderly persons (65 years and over) represent 13.0% of the total population. According to the most recent statistic (2000 Census), a total of 11,718 residents over the age of 5 are disabled in some capacity. Examining the reach of hazard- mitigation policies to special -needs populations may assist in increasing access to services and programs. FEMA's Office of Equal Rights addresses this need by suggesting that agencies and organizations planning for natural disasters identify special -needs populations, make recovery centers more accessible, and review practices and procedures to remedy any discrimination in relief application or assistance. The cost of natural - hazards recovery can place an unequal financial responsibility on the general population when only a small proportion may benefit from governmental funds used to rebuild private structures. Discussions about natural hazards that include local citizen groups, insurance companies, and other public- and private- sector organizations can help ensure that all members of the population are part of the decision - making processes. Land and Development Development in Southern California from the earliest days was a cycle of boom and bust. The Second World War, however, dramatically changed that cycle. Military personnel and defense workers came to Southern California to fill the logistical needs created by the war effort The available housing was rapidly exhausted and existing commercial centers proved inadequate for the influx of people. Immediately after the war, construction began on the freeway system, and the face of Southern California was forever changed. Home developments and shopping centers sprang up everywhere and within a few decades the City of Rosemead Hazard Mitigation Plan 31 central basin of Los Angeles County was virtually built -out This pushed new development further and further away from the urban center. The City of Rosemead General Plan addresses the use and development of private land, including residential and commercial areas. This Plan is one of the City's most important tools in addressing environmental challenges including transportation and air quality, growth management, conservation of natural resources, clean water, and open spaces. The environment of most Los Angeles County cities is nearly identical with that of their immediate neighbors and the transition from one incorporated municipality to another is seamless to most people. Seamless too are the exposures to the natural hazards that affect all of Southern California. Housing and Community Development Rosemead functions as a residential suburb for surrounding employment centers, such as Los Angeles. The majority of its land is developed with low- density housing. With a 2006 stock of 14,345 units, Rosemead is a medium -sized community in the San Gabriel Valley. In the City of Rosemead the demand for housing outstrips the available supply, and the recent low interest rates have further fueled a pent -up demand. Of the 14,000 -plus residences in the City of Rosemead, approximately four -fifths are single - family residences. Multi- family residences represent roughly 15 %, and about 2% are mobile homes. The home ownership rate was 51.0% as of 2010, with renters occupying most other residences and approximately 3% of residences left vacant. The median home price in Rosemead climbed in the early half of the decade, peaking in 2007 at a value of $526,212, however it has been on the decline since, like the housing market as a whole, with a 2009 median home price of $384,500. Housing sales and prices have continued to decline, as seen in the chart below. S� ;0. Home Sales in Rosemead.. CA 550-- — 8550,000 WoAllliw� - - - 5500.000 SM.000 5100.000 350 WD00 Cued 300 - —UW,00u a. �_____�_�It -1 tr SiDD,DOD WOW 100_'._, _ _ _ _ _ _ _ — � Atdm P= _ _ _ _, _ - 550,000 0102Q304Q7Q20 3Q4QI0203Q4Q102Q3Q4Ql Q2Q3NQ102CaG 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 ■ City of Rosemead Hazard Mitigation Plan 32 The City participates in the Community Development Block Grant (CDBG) program. The primary resource available to address non - housing community- development needs is the CDBG. The City of Rosemead's CDBG allocation for the year 2009 was $1,138,481, but as of February 2012, the City was uncertain of what its next allocation would be and was anticipating up to a 35% cut in funding amounts. The City of Rosemead has a community development plan but development has slowed due to the economic conditions. As of August 2012, the City has nine properties under development including mixed use, retail, a house of worship, a hotel renovation, and a new hotel. There is no plan to build any new critical facilities in the foreseeable future. The City does not have any current records of the kind or type of buildings in the City. Assembling such records is a current project by the City Planning department. There is an increased concentration of resources and capital in the City of Rosemead. The best indicator of this fact is the increasing per capita personal income in the region since the 1970s. Per capita income is an estimate of total personal income divided by the total population. In 2000, the per capita income for the City of Rosemead was $12,146, and by 2010, that figure had risen to $17,072. This estimate can be used to compare economic areas as a whole, but it does not reflect how the income is distributed among residents of the area being examined. Subtle but measurable changes occur constantly in communities that increase the potential loss that will occur in a major disaster. There are number of factors that contribute to this increasing loss potential. First, populations continue to increase, putting more people at risk within a defined geographic space. Second, inflation constantly increases the worth of real property and permanent improvements. Third, the amount of property owned per capita increases over time. Information from the U.S. Census Bureau shows, in the table below, gains in average Rosemead housing standards. Housing Standards Amount of Property per person 1975 1998 Size of new homes 1645 sq. ft. 2190 sq. ft. % of homes with 4 + bedrooms 21% 33% % of homes with 2 '/� or more baths 20% 52% Employment and Industry Rosemead's economic base is largely a function of the City's location near major transportation links (San Bernardino and Pomona Freeways) and its proximity to downtown Los Angeles. The 2010 Census identifies 25,665 persons living in Rosemead as being in the labor force. Of this total, 23,272 persons were employed, resulting in an unemployment rate of 9.0 %. This figure is slightly lower than countywide unemployment rate. City of Rosemead Hazard Mitigation Plan 33 According to the recent census estimates, and as seen in the table below, 7,046 of the City's residents are employed in "sales and office occupations," which employ nearly one -third of the City's labor force. The next three largest categories of employment are "service occupations" at 23.3 %, "management, business, science and arts occupations" at 22.6 %, and "production, transportation, and material- moving" at 17.1 %. Rosemead Labor Force Occupation Category Persons % Sales and Office Occupations 7,046 30.3 Production, Transportation, and Material- 3,975 17.1 Moving Occupations 500 Restaurant Headquarters Management, Business, Science, and Arts 5,264 22.6 Occupations 460 Retail Center Service Occupations 5,434 23.3 Natural Resources, Construction, and 1,553 6.7 Maintenance 350 Construction Company Total 23,272 100.0 Major employers (see below) in the City of Rosemead include several corporate - headquarter facilities and a broad range of nonmanufacturing and manufacturing employers. The City's population decreases by about 8% in the daytime as residents leave the City to work. Major Rosemead Employers Major Employer Employees Product/Service Southern California Edison 3,500 Utility Headquarters Garvey School District 800 K -8 School District Panda Restaurant Group, 500 Restaurant Headquarters Inc. Wal -Mart 460 Retail Center Rosemead School District 375 K -8 School District Hermetic Seal Corporation 350 Manufacturer Irish Construction 350 Construction Company Target 230 Retail Center According to the City of Rosemead and the Rosemead Chamber of Commerce City of Rosemead Hazard Mitigation Plan 34 Mitigation activities are needed at the business level to ensure the safety and welfare of workers and limit damage to the industrial infrastructure. Employees are highly mobile, commuting from surrounding areas to industrial and business centers. This creates a greater dependency on roads, communications, accessibility, and emergency plans to reunite people with their families. Before a natural- hazard event, large and small businesses can develop strategies to prepare for natural hazards, respond efficiently, and prevent loss of life and property. Local Economy The economic outlook for the County of Los Angeles appears to be stagnant. Unemployment is projected to remain between 11 and 12 %. Statewide economic growth of 3.4 % is barely outpacing inflation at 2.5 %. The gross domestic product for the state has also dropped. The City of Rosemead is projecting a decrease in general fund revenues by a million dollars, with increases to public safety costs associated with the LA Sheriffs Department contract. The projected budget shortfall of 1.2 million dollars has resulted in a series of aggressive cost - cutting measures which include deciding not to fill personnel vacancies, eliminating positions, consolidating responsibilities, and downgrading vacated positions. Transportation and Commuting Patterns The City of Rosemead, situated in the West San Gabriel Valley, is the 35`h most populous of 88 cities in Los Angeles County. In the West San Gabriel Valley, cities vary greatly in their geographic size and population. The circulation system from Rosemead has developed over the years along with the surrounding communities. Due to the built -out nature of the majority of the city, major modifications to the overall circulation system are not expected. The existing system is compatible with the land -use pattern and intensity in most areas of the City. The West San Gabriel Valley is served by five freeways, two of which pass through Rosemead. The San Bernardino Freeway (I -10) runs in an east —west direction through the center of Rosemead. The Pomona Freeway (SR 60) also runs in an east —west direction paralleling the San Bernardino Freeway and touching the south end of the City. Private automobiles are the dominant means of transportation in Southern California and in the City of Rosemead. Nevertheless, the City of Rosemead is able to address its public transportation needs through a mixture of regional transit (MTA), and various city - contracted bus services. Rosemead residents are fortunate to have many accessible transportation options. Those options include fully accessible fixed -route MTA buses, MetroLink light -rail trains, Rosemead's Dial -a -Ride and Explorer services, and paratransit services. A summary of the most frequently used and available options for Rosemead residents include. City of Rosemead Hazard Mitigation Plan 35 Metropolitan Transportation Authority (MTA). Bus services include four east — west fixed -route lines (Line 70: Garvey Avenue service to downtown LA, Line 76: Valley Boulevard service to downtown LA, Line 170: throughout the City, Line 176: Mission) and four north —south bus lines (Line 264: San Gabriel Boulevard, Line 266: Rosemead Boulevard, Line 267: Temple City Boulevard, and Line 489: Rosemead Boulevard). • Rosemead's Dial -a -Ride and Explorer offer transportation services for the shopping convenience of residents and personalized transportation services for qualified Rosemead senior and disabled citizens. Additionally, the City provides bus - pass subsidies for MTA and Foothill Transit bus passes for senior citizens and disabled individuals. Rosemead Explorer is a fixed -route that stops at appointed locations along major boulevards in the City every 50 minutes. Rosemead Explorer is provided by the City of Rosemead through Proposition A transportation funds, which are derived from the additional %2 cent sales tax paid by all residents of Los Angeles County. Two vehicles running fixed- routes in opposite directions service shopping centers, retail stores, and community centers throughout the City. Dial -a- Ride's curb -to -curb, ride - sharing service is provided within a 5 -mile radius of the City of Rosemead at a cost of 50 cents per person for a one -way trip. Also a Proposition A funded service; the personalized service of Dial -a -Ride requires a reservation. Access Service is Los Angeles County's Americans with Disabilities Act - mandated paratransit services to Rosemead and all other Los Angeles County communities. Access paratransit operates 7 days a week, 24 hours a day, in most areas of the county. It is a shared -ride service that operates curb -to -curb and uses a fleet of small buses, minivans, and taxis. Fares are distance based. Eligibility determinations are based on one's apparent functional ability to use accessible bus service in the county. Eligibility determinations are not based on disability, age, or medical diagnosis. The City of Rosemead is served by the 10, 60, 210, 605, and 710 freeways connecting the City to adjoining parts of Los Angeles County. According to 2010 Census, the mean travel time to work for Rosemead residents is 28 minutes. Natural hazards can disrupt automobile traffic and shut down these local and regional transit systems. For example, localized flooding can render roads unusable, and a severe winter storm has the potential to disrupt the daily driving routine of hundreds of thousands of people. City of Rosemead Hazard Mitigation Plan 36 Section 3: Risk Assessment What is a Risk Assessment? Conducting a risk assessment can provide information on the location of hazards, the value of existing land and property in hazard locations, and an analysis of risk to life, property, and the environment that may result from natural - hazard events. Specifically, the components of a risk assessment are as follows: Hazard Identification This is the description of the geographic extent, potential intensity, and probability of occurrence of a given hazard. Maps are frequently used to display hazard- identification data. The City of Rosemead identified three major hazards that affect this geographic area. These hazards —earthquakes, flooding, and windstorms —were identified through an extensive process that used input from the Hazard Mitigation Advisory Committee. The geographic extent of each of the identified hazards has been identified by the City of Rosemead Planning Department using the best available data. A list on page 40 provides natural and human -made hazards and the likelihood of each hazard impacting the City of Rosemead. Profiling Hazard Events This process describes the causes and characteristics of each hazard, how it has affected the City of Rosemead in the past, and what part of the City of Rosemead's population, infrastructure, and environment has historically been vulnerable to each specific hazard. A profile of each hazard discussed in this Plan is provided in each hazard section For a description of the history of specific hazard events, please see the appropriate hazard chapter. Vulnerability Assessment /Inventorying Assets This is a combination of hazard identification with an inventory of the existing (or planned) property development(s) and population(s) exposed to a hazard. Critical facilities are of particular concern because these entities provide essential products and services to the general public that are necessary to preserve the welfare and quality of life in the City and fulf ll important public- safety, emergency- response, and/or disaster - recovery functions. The critical facilities have been identified and mapped, and they are listed at the end of this section. A description of the critical facilities in the City is also provided in this section. In addition, this Plan includes a community issues summary in each hazard section to identify the most vulnerable and problematic areas in the City, including critical facilities and other public and private property. Risk Analysis Estimating potential losses involves assessing the damage, injuries, and financial costs likely to be sustained in a geographic area over a given period of time. This level of analysis involves using mathematical models. The two measurable components of risk analysis are magnitude of the harm that may result and the likelihood of the harm occurring. Describing vulnerability in terms of dollar losses provides the community and City of Rosemead Ha =ard Mitigation Plan 37 the state with a common framework with which to measure the effects of hazards on assets. The City of Rosemead will begin using HAZUS software, which is a Risk Analysis /Loss Estimator in order to estimate more precisely the potential for loss that may be brought on by disaster. Assessing Vulnerability /Analyzing Development Trends This step provides a general description of land uses and development trends in the community so that mitigation options can be considered in land -use planning and future land -use decisions. This Plan provides a comprehensive description of the character of the City of Rosemead in the Community Profile. This description includes the geography and environment, population and demographics, land use and development, housing and community development, employment and industry, and transportation and commuting patterns. Analyzing these components of the City of Rosemead can help in identifying potential problem areas and can serve as a guide for incorporating the goals and ideas contained in this Mitigation Plan into other community development plans. Hazard assessments are subject to the availability of hazard - specific data Gathering data for a hazard assessment requires a commitment of resources on the part of participating organizations and agencies. Each hazard- specific section of the Plan includes a section on hazard identification using data and information from City, County, or State agency sources. Regardless of the data available for hazard assessments, there are numerous strategies the City can take to reduce risk These strategies are described in the action items detailed in each hazard section of this Plan. Mitigation strategies can further reduce disruption to critical services, reduce the risk to human life, and alleviate damage to personal and public property and infrastructure. Action items throughout the hazard sections provide recommendations to collect further data to map hazard locations and conduct hazard assessments. There are no repetitive loss properties in the City of Rosemead as defined by FEMA. City of Rosemead Hazard Mitigation Plan 38 All Hazards Assessment Natural Hazard Risk Why /Why Not Climate Change Unknown Ongoing research Dam Failure Minor Past history and current condition of the Los Angeles County dams and flood - control project indicate that some flooding could occur but the chance of a loss of life is limited. Drought Moderate The chances for drought in Los Angeles County are a constant problem. The immediate impact on public safety and welfare is limited. Earthquake Major Past history indicates the probability is high. Extreme Heat Moderate Extreme heat in the County is an annual problem. The immediate impact on public safety and health can be controlled. Flood Major The possibility of flooding due to heavy rains is a recurring problem due to weather patterns in southern California like the El Nino effect. Hurricanes Minor Past history indicates the probability is low. Liquefaction Included Related to the earthquake threat. Tornado Minor Past history indicated the probability is low. Tsunami Minor Due to the geographic location of the city, the probability of damage from this threat is low Wildfire Minor Due to the geographic location of the city, the probability of damage from this threat is low Windstorm Major Past history indicates the possibility of severe windstorms is high. Human -Made Disasters Aviation Disasters Minor The nearest airport is El Monte Airport. The last accident was on 2/15/06. Hazardous Materials Minor The last hazardous- materials spill documented by Spill the California Office of Emergency Services was a petroleum spill in the Whittier Flood Control Basin in east Rosemead on 1/19/93. Terrorist Attack Minor The only identified critical infrastructure location in the City is the prototype electric drive fuel -cell station of Southern California Edison. Transportation Minor The last transportation accident in the City was Accident 4/24/2010 involving two teenagers drinking on the Union Pacific train tracks. City of Rosemead Hazard Mitigation Plan 39 Federal Requirements for Risk Assessment Recent federal regulations for hazard - Mitigation Plans outlined in 44 CFR Part 201 include a requirement for risk assessment. This risk - assessment requirement is intended to provide information that will help communities identify and prioritize mitigation activities that will reduce losses from the identified hazards. There are three hazards profiled in the Mitigation Plan: earthquakes, flooding, and windstorms. The federal criteria for risk assessment and information on how the City of Rosemead Hazard Mitigation Plan meets those criteria are outlined below. Federal Criteria for Risk Assessment Section 322 Plan Requirement How is this addressed? Identifying Hazards Each hazard section includes an inventory of the best Analyzing Development available data sources that identify hazard areas. To the Trends extent GIS data are available, the City developed maps identifying the location of the hazard in the City. Profiling Hazard Events Each hazard section includes documentation of the history, and causes and characteristics of the hazard in the City. Assessing Where data is available, the vulnerability assessment for each Vulnerability: hazard addressed in the Mitigation Plan includes an inventory Identifying Assets of all publicly owned land in hazardous areas. Each hazard section provides information on vulnerable areas in the City in the Community Issues section. Each hazard section also identifies potential mitigation strategies. Assessing The Risk Assessment Section of this Mitigation Plan Vulnerability: identifies key critical facilities and lifelines in the City. Estimating Potential Vulnerability assessments have been completed for the Losses hazards addressed in the plan, and quantitative estimates were made for each hazard where data were available. Assessing The City of Rosemead Community Profile section of this Vulnerability: Plan provides a description of the development trends in the Analyzing Development City, including the geography and environment, population Trends and demographics, land use and development, housing and community development, employment and industry, and transportation and commuting patterns. City of Rosemead Hazard Mitigation Plan 40 Critical Facilities and Infrastructure Facilities critical to government response and recovery activities (i.e., life safety and property and environmental protection) include 911 centers, emergency- operations centers, police and fire stations, public -works facilities, communications centers, sewer and water facilities, hospitals, bridges and roads, and shelters. These are facilities that, if damaged, could cause serious secondary impacts that may also be considered "critical." A hazardous material facility is one example of this type of critical facility. The following is a list of critical facilities in the City of Rosemead. (Note: There are no hospitals in the City. Police and fire services are contracted with the County of Los Angeles.) LA County Fire Stn 42 9319 E: Valley Blvd, Rosemead LA County Fire Stn 4 2644 N. San Gabriel Blvd, Rosemead LA Sheriffs Temple Station 8838 Las Tunas Dr., Temple City City of Rosemead City Hall 8838 E. Valley Blvd, Rosemead Public Safety Center 8301 Garvey Ave, Rosemead ALHAMBRA UNIFIED SCHOOL DISTRICT Southern Community Adult School 7422 East Garvey Avenue Rosemead, CA 91770 GARVEY SCHOOL DISTRICT 2730 North Del Mar Avenue Rosemead, CA 91770 Bitely Elementary School (K -6) 7501 East Fern Avenue Rosemead, CA 91770 Emerson Elementary School (K -6) 7544 Emerson Place Rosemead, CA 91770 Rice Elementary School (K -6) 2150 Angelus Street Rosemead, CA 91770 Sanchez Elementary School (K -6) 8470 Fem Street Rosemead, CA 91770 City of Rosemead Hazard Mitigation Plan 41 Willard Elementary School (K -6) 3152 Willard Street Rosemead, CA 91770 Garvey Intermediate School (7 -8) 2720 North Jackson Avenue Rosemead, CA 91770 Temple Intermediate School (7 -8) 8470 North Fern Avenue Rosemead, CA 91770 ROSEMEAD SCHOOL DISTRICT 3907 North Rosemead Boulevard Rosemead, CA 91770 Encinita Elementary School (PreK -6) 4514 Encinita Avenue Rosemead, CA 91770 Janson Elementary School (PreK -6) 8628 Marshall Avenue Rosemead, CA 91770 Savannah Elementary School (PreK -6) 3720 Rio Hondo Avenue Rosemead, CA 91770 Shuey Elementary School (Pre -K -6) 8472 Wells Street Rosemead, CA 91770 Muscatel Intermediate School (7 -8) 4201 West Ivar Avenue Rosemead, CA 91770 EL MONTE SCHOOL DISTRICT Rosemead High School (9 -12) 9063 East Mission Drive Rosemead, CA 91770 El Monte & Rosemead Adult School 4105 North Rosemead Boulevard Rosemead, CA 91770 City of Rosemead Hazard Mitigation Plan 42 1) University of the West 1409 Walnut Grove Avenue Rosemead, CA 91770 Summary Natural hazard mitigation strategies can reduce the impacts concentrated at large employment and industrial centers, public infrastructure, and critical facilities. Natural hazard mitigation for industries and employers may include developing relationships with emergency management services and their employees before disaster strikes, and establishing mitigation strategies together. Collaboration among the public and private sector to create Mitigation Plans and actions can reduce the impacts of natural hazards. City of Rosemead Ha:ard Mitigation Plan 43 Section 4: Multi- Hazard Goals and Action Items This section provides information on the process used to develop goals and action items that pertain to the three hazards addressed in the Mitigation Plan. It also describes the framework that focuses the Plan on developing successful mitigation strategies. The framework is made up of two parts: the Mission and Goals, and the Action Items. Mission and Goals The mission of the City of Rosemead Hazard Mitigation Plan is to promote sound public policy designed to protect citizens, critical facilities, infrastructure, private property, and the environment from natural hazards. This can be achieved by increasing public awareness, documenting the resources for risk reduction and loss prevention, and identifying activities to guide the City toward building a safer, more sustainable community. The goal of the Plan is to describe the overall direction that City of Rosemead agencies, organizations, and citizens can take to minimize the impacts of natural hazards. The goals are stepping stones between the broad direction of the mission statement and the specific recommendations that are outlined in the action items. The action items in the plan were prioritized based on economics. The short-term items were selected for the maximum immediate impact with the lowest cost. The longer -term items include actions items that are important but will require supplemental funding. The plan is to implement what can be afforded now and look for additional monies from grants to support long -term action items. Protect Life and Property • Implement activities that assist in protecting lives by making homes, businesses, infrastructure, critical facilities, and other property more resistant to natural hazards. • Reduce losses and repetitive damages for chronic hazard events while promoting insurance coverage for catastrophic hazards. • Improve hazard assessment information to make recommendations for discouraging new development and encouraging preventative measures for existing development in areas vulnerable to natural hazards. Public Awareness • Develop and implement education and outreach programs to increase public awareness of the risks associated with natural hazards. • Provide information on tools, partnership opportunities, and funding resources to assist in implementing mitigation activities. Natural Systems • Balance watershed planning, natural- resource management, and land -use planning with hazard mitigation to protect life, property, and the environment. • Preserve, rehabilitate, and enhance natural systems to serve hazard mitigation functions. City of Rosemead Hazard Mitigation Plan 44 Partnerships and Implementation Strengthen communication and coordinate participation among and within public agencies, citizens, nonprofit organizations, businesses, and industry to gain a vested interest in implementation. Encourage leadership in public- and private- sector organizations to prioritize and implement local, county, and regional hazard - mitigation activities. Emergency Services • Establish policy to ensure mitigation projects for critical facilities, services, and infrastructure. • Strengthen emergency operations by increasing collaboration and coordination among public agencies, nonprofit organizations, businesses, and industry. • Coordinate and integrate hazard mitigation activities, where appropriate, with emergency operations plans and procedures. Public Input • Public input during development of the Mitigation Plan assisted in creating Plan goals. Meetings with the project steering committee, stakeholder interviews, and a public workshop served as methods to obtain input and identify priorities in developing goals for reducing risk and preventing loss from natural hazards in the City of Rosemead. Public Participation On June 17, 2009, the first public workshop was held to gather ideas from City of Rosemead residents regarding the goals for the City of Rosemead Natural Hazard Mitigation Plan. The eight attendees included representatives from public agencies, private organizations, and private residents. The attendees identified goals for the Plan by examining the issues and concerns they have had regarding natural hazards and discussing potential action items for the Plan. The second public workshop was held August 19, 2009, to review mitigation plan action items and provide the participants with a chance to comment on the final Plan recommendations. The City of Rosemead also held two disaster and emergency committee meetings open to the public on September 30, 2010, and August 25, 2011 (see Appendix B). Hazard Mitigation Plan Action Items The action items are a listing of activities in which City agencies and citizens can be engaged to reduce risk. Each action item includes an estimate of the timeline for implementation. Short-term action items are activities that City agencies may implement with existing resources and authorities within 1 to 2 years. Long -term action items may require new or additional resources or authorities, and may take between I and 5 years (or more) to implement. City of Rosemead Hazard Mitigation Plan 45 Mitigation plan activities may be considered for funding through federal and state grant programs, and when other funds are made available through the city. Action items address multi - hazard (MH) and hazard - specific issues. To help ensure activity implementation, each action item includes information on the timeline and coordinating organizations. Upon implementation, the coordinating organizations may look to partner organizations for resources and technical assistance. Coordinating Organization The coordinating organization is the organization that is willing and able to organize resources, find appropriate funding, or oversee activity implementation, monitoring, and evaluation. Coordinating organizations may include local, city, or regional agencies that are capable of or responsible for implementing activities and programs. Timeline Action items include both short-term and long -term activities. Each action item includes an estimate of the timeline for implementation. Short-term action items are activities that city agencies may implement with existing resources and authorities within I to 2 years. Long -term action items may require new or additional resources or authorities, and may take between 1 and 5 years (or more) to implement. Ideas for Implementation Each action item includes ideas for implementation and potential resources, which may include grant programs or human resources. Plan Goals Addressed The Plan goals addressed by each action item are included as a way to monitor and evaluate how well the Mitigation Plan is achieving its goals once implementation begins. Constraints Constraints may apply to some of the action items. These constraints may be a lack of City staff, lack of funds, or vested property rights that might expose the City to legal action as a result of adverse impacts on private property. Project Evaluation Worksheets Each jurisdiction will have some limitations on the number and cost of mitigation activities that can be completed in a given period of time. There are likely to be multiple ideas to mitigate the effects of a given hazard. Therefore it will be necessary for the committee to select the most cost - effective mitigation projects and to further prioritize them. Because of the current economic situation priority will be given to projects and goals requiring the least financial support and providing the most immediate benefit. City of Rosemead Hazard Mitigation Plan 46 Hazard Mitigation Goal #1 Integrate the goals and action items from the City of Rosemead Hazard Mitigation Plan into existing regulatory documents and programs where appropriate. Coordination Community Development Department Timeline Ongoing Implementation Review new regulations and ordinances for applicability Goal Compliance Partnership and implementation Constraints Budgets and staffing Evaluation/Documentation Annual report to City Manager Hazard Mitigation Goal #2 Partner with local groups and agencies to identify and pursue funding opportunities to develop and implement local mitigation activities. Coordination Timeline Implementation Goal Compliance Constraints Evaluation/Documentation Public Safety and Community Development Department Ongoing Look for external governmental and nongovernmental funding sources. Partnership and implementation Budget and staffing Annual report to the City Manager City of Rosemead Hazard Mitigation Plan 47 Hazard Mitigation Goal #3 Develop public and private partnerships to foster hazard mitigation program coordination and collaboration in Rosemead. Coordination Emergency Services Hazard Mitigation Advisory Committee Timeline Ongoing Implementation Build public and private partnerships with community stakeholders Goal Compliance Partnership and implementation Constraints Budgets and staffing Evaluation/Documentation Annual report to City Manager Hazard Mitigation Goal #4 Develop current inventories of infrastructure and facilities to prioritize mitigation projects. Coordination Timeline Implementation Goal Compliance Constraints Evaluation/Documentation Community Development Department 3 -5 years Develop current data regarding critical infrastructure Protect life and property Budgets and staffing Annual report to City Manager City of Rosemead Hazard Mitigation Plan 48 Hazard Mitigation Goal #5 Strengthen emergency services preparedness and response by linking emergency services with hazard mitigation programs and enhancing public education Citywide. Coordination Timeline Emergency Services 3 -5 years Implementation Integrate mitigation planning into emergency services operations and conduct public- outreach training Goal Compliance Protect life and property /public awareness Constraints Budget and staffing Evaluation/Documentation Annual report to City Manager Hazard Mitigation Goal #6 Develop, enhance, and implement education programs aimed at mitigating natural hazards and reducing the risk to citizens, public agencies, private property owners, and businesses. Coordination Timeline Implementation Goal Compliance Constraints Evaluation/Documentation Emergency Services, City Manager 3 -5 years Improve individual mitigation efforts through education Protect life and property /public awareness Budget and staffing Annual report to City Council City of Rosemead Hazard Mitigation Plan 49 Section 5: Plan Maintenance The plan maintenance section of this document details the formal process that will ensure the City of Rosemead Hazard Mitigation Plan remains an active and relevant document. The plan maintenance process includes a schedule for monitoring and evaluating the Plan annually and producing a Plan revision every five years. This section describes how the city will integrate public participation throughout the plan maintenance process. Finally, this section includes an explanation of how the City of Rosemead government intends to incorporate the mitigation strategies outlined in this Plan into existing planning mechanisms such as the City General Plan, Capital Improvement Plans, and Building and Safety Codes. Plan Adoption The City Council is responsible for adopting the City of Rosemead Hazard Mitigation Plan. This governing body has the authority to promote sound public policy regarding natural hazards. Once the Plan has been adopted, the City Emergency Manager will be responsible for submitting it to the State Hazard Mitigation Officer at the California Emergency Management Agency. The California Emergency Management Agency will then submit the Plan to the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) for review. This review will address the federal criteria outlined in FEMA Interim Final Rule 44 CFR Part 201. Upon acceptance by FEMA, the City of Rosemead will gain eligibility for Hazard Mitigation Grant Program funds. Coordinating Body A City of Rosemead Hazard Mitigation Committee will be responsible for coordinating implementation of the action items and undertaking the formal review process. The City Council (or other authority) will assign representatives from city agencies, including, but not limited to, the current Hazard Mitigation Advisory Committee members. The city has formed a Hazard Mitigation Committee that consists of members from local agencies, organizations, and citizens, and includes the following: City of Rosemead Public Safety City of Rosemead Finance City of Rosemead Planning Division City of Rosemead Public Affairs City of Rosemead Public Works Services City of Rosemead Economic Development City of Rosemead Building and Safety Department Los Angeles County Fire Department Los Angeles County Sheriffs Department Federal Emergency Management Agency California Emergency Management Agency A public member at large City of Rosemead Hazard Mitigation Plan 50 In order to make this committee as broad and useful as possible, the City Administrator will engage other relevant organizations and agencies in hazard mitigation. The recommendations for adding to the Hazard Mitigation Advisory Committee include: An elected official A representative from the Chamber of Commerce An insurance company representative Community Planning Organization representatives A representative from the City Manager's office Representation from a professional organization such as the Home Builders Association A representative from the San Gabriel Council of Governments The Hazard Mitigation Advisory Committee will meet no less than quarterly. Meeting dates will be scheduled once the final Hazard Mitigation Advisory Committee has been established. These meetings will provide an opportunity to discuss the progress of the action items and maintain the partnerships that are essential for the sustainability of the Mitigation Plan. The public will be invited to participate in both the discussions and planning activities of the committee. This invitation to participate will be extended to other area stakeholders including our surrounding municipal neighbors, the San Gabriel Valley Chapter of the Red Cross, and interested academic bodies like the California Institute of Technology, University of Southern California, California State Universities, and the University of California. Convener The City Council will adopt the City of Rosemead Hazard Mitigation Plan, and the Hazard Mitigation Advisory Committee will take responsibility for Plan implementation. The City Manager /Administrator will serve as a convener to facilitate the Hazard Mitigation Advisory Committee meetings, and will assign tasks such as updating and presenting the Plan to the members of the committee. Plan implementation and evaluation will be a shared responsibility among all of the Hazard Advisory Committee Members. Implementation through Existing Programs The City of Rosemead addresses statewide planning goals and legislative requirements through its General Plan, Capital Improvement Plans, and City Building and Safety Codes. The Hazard Mitigation Plan provides a series of recommendations, many of which are closely related to the goals and objectives of existing planning programs. The City of Rosemead will have the opportunity to implement recommended mitigation action items through existing programs and procedures. The City of Rosemead Building and Safety Department is responsible for administering the Building & Safety Codes. In addition, the Hazard Advisory Committee will work with other agencies at the state level to review, develop, and ensure building and safety City of Rosemead Hazard Mitigation Plan 51 codes that are adequate to mitigate or prevent damage by natural hazards. This is to ensure that life- safety criteria are met for new construction. The goals and action items in the Mitigation Plan may be achieved through activities recommended in the City's Capital Improvement Plans (CIPs). Various city departments develop CIPs, and review them on an annual basis. Upon annual review of the CIPs, the Hazard Mitigation Advisory Committee will work with City departments to identify areas where Plan action items are consistent with CIP planning goals and to integrate them where appropriate. Within six months of formal adoption of the Mitigation Plan, the recommendations listed above will be incorporated into the process of existing planning mechanisms at the city level. The meetings of the Hazard Mitigation Advisory Committee will provide an opportunity for committee members to report back on the progress made on the integration of mitigation planning elements into City documents and procedures. Economic Analysis of Mitigation Projects FEMA's approaches to identifying the costs and benefits associated with mitigation strategies, measures, or projects fall into two general categories: benefit/cost analysis and cost - effectiveness analysis. Conducting benefit/cost analysis for a mitigation activity can assist communities in determining whether a project is worth undertaking now, in order to avoid disaster - related damages later. Cost - effectiveness analysis evaluates how best to spend a given amount of money to achieve a specific goal. Determining the economic feasibility of mitigating natural hazards can provide decision makers with an understanding of the potential benefits and costs of an activity, as well as a basis on which to compare alternative projects. Given federal funding, the Hazard Mitigation Advisory Committee will use a FEMA- approved benefit/cost analysis approach to identify and prioritize mitigation action items. For other projects and funding sources, the Hazard Mitigation Advisory Committee will use other approaches to understand the costs and benefits of each action item and develop a prioritized list. For more information regarding economic analysis of mitigation action items, please see Appendix A of the Plan. Evaluating and Updating the Plan: Formal Review Process The City of Rosemead Hazard Mitigation Plan will be evaluated on an annual basis to determine the effectiveness of programs, and to reflect changes in land development or programs that may affect mitigation priorities. The evaluation process includes a firm schedule and timeline, and identifies the local agencies and organizations participating in Plan evaluation. The convener or designee will be responsible for contacting the Hazard Mitigation Advisory Committee members and organizing the annual meeting. Ciry of Rosemead Hazard Mitigation Plan 52 Committee members will be responsible for monitoring and evaluating the progress of the mitigation strategies in the Plan. The committee will review the goals and action items to determine their relevance to changing situations in the city, as well as changes in state or federal policy, and to ensure they are addressing current and expected conditions. The committee will also review the risk assessment portion of the Plan to determine if this information should be updated or modified, given any new available data. The coordinating organizations responsible for the various action items will report on the status of their projects, the success of various implementation processes, difficulties encountered, success of coordination efforts, and which strategies should be revised. The convener will assign the duty of updating the Plan to one or more of the committee members. The designated committee members will have three months to make appropriate changes to the Plan before submitting it to the Hazard Committee members, and presenting it to the City Council (or other authority). The Hazard Mitigation Advisory Committee will also notify all holders of the City Plan when changes have been made. Every five years the updated Plan will be submitted to the State Hazard Mitigation Officer and FEMA for review. Continued Public Involvement The City of Rosemead is dedicated to involving the public directly in review and updates of the Hazard Mitigation Plan. The Hazard Mitigation Committee members are responsible for the annual review and update of the Plan. The public will also have the opportunity to provide feedback about the Plan. Copies of the Plan will be catalogued and kept at all appropriate facilities in the city. The existence and location of these copies will be publicized in the quarterly city newsletter, which reaches every household in the City. The Plan also includes the address and the phone number of the City Planning Division, responsible for keeping track of public comments on the Plan. In addition, copies of the Plan and any proposed changes will be posted on the city website, which will also contain an email address and phone number to which people can direct their comments and concerns. A public meeting will also be held after each annual evaluation or when deemed necessary by the Hazard Mitigation Advisory Committee. The meetings will provide the public a forum in which to express their concerns, opinions, or ideas about the Plan. The Emergency Services Coordinator will be responsible for using City resources to publicize the annual public meetings and maintain public involvement through the public access channel, web page, and newspapers. City of Rosemead Hazard Mitigation Plan 53 Part II: Hazard - Specific Information Section 1: Earthquakes Why Are Earthquakes a Threat to the City of Rosemead? The City of Rosemead is situated in one of the most active geological areas of the United States. California has a long history of seismic activity. The U.S. Geological Survey records hundreds of minor earthquakes every week in California. Since 1769 there have been 33 major earthquakes of a magnitude of 5.0 or greater. The most well -known geologic feature related to local seismic activity is the San Andreas fault. This fault is approximately 400 miles long and begins in Mexico, travels north to San Francisco, and gradually curves out into the Pacific Ocean. Scientists estimate that in the past 1,500 years, major earthquakes have occurred at about 130 -year intervals. The last major earthquake related to this fault occurred near Fort Tejon in northern Los Angeles County in 1857. With an estimated magnitude of 8, it is the largest recorded earthquake in the history of California. Understanding Earthquakes Earthquakes are caused by the movement of the earth's crust along fracture lines called faults. A fault is the separation point between blocks of the earth's crust where either side can move relative to the other along a plane parallel to the fracture line. Faults are divided into two main types: strike -slip and dip -slip. Strike -slip faults: Strike -slip faults appear where the fracture in the earth's crust is vertical or nearly vertical. The blocks or plates of the earth's crust will primarily move horizontally. The fault can be further categorized as right or left lateral faults depending on the direction that the fault is slipping. Dip -slip faults: Dip -slip faults differ from strike -slip faults in that the fracture is slanted but the blocks of earth move vertically. If the earth above this fault drops during movement the fault is called a normal fault. If the earth moves upward the fault is a reverse fault. Reverse faults with an angle of 45 degrees or less are called thrust faults. City of Rosemead Hazard Mitigalion Plan 54 1u' 35' 34.5' 34' 33 5' 33' 32.5' — Earthquake Planning Scenario - - ShakeMap for Saf South7.8 Scenario —118' —118' —117' —116' —115' PLANNING SCENARIO ONLY — IA&p Version 4 P Iooessed Fri Od 8, 2008 02:40:11 PIA P DT 6KANIN o Not fe LVeaK Light hbde ral8 56ong Very silo tg Seele Violent Es4eme P0 , Q5 none MM now Very Iglu Ughl IAoderat IAodemWFleav Heavy Ivefy Heavy PFAKICC4%a) . 17 .17 -1.4 1.44.6 3.49-2 9248 18-34 34 5 85-124 >124 Peat VEL{em.14 m.1 0.1 -1.1 1.1 -3.4 34-8.1 8.1 -16 1641 31 ba m -116 x116 W6 IINENIAL INTENSRY I NIp IV V V1 VII Earthquake planning scenario. City of Rosemead Hazard Mitigation Plan 55 T #Tejon ass i Palmdale* San Fernando# ♦ Northridge i I yI Barstow *Cajon Pass *Pasadena San Bernardino ♦ Los A les *Pomona •Riverside �Shaking ( %g) Pga (Peak Ground Acceleration) Long each Firm Rock *Santa Ana < 10% 10-20% 20-30% 30-40% "anta Catalina Island M40-50% 50-60% 60-70% Oceanside 70- > 80% % The unit "g" is dldo acceleration of L gray gravity. Interactive ground motion map entered on 1180 W (longitude); 34° N (latitude). Peak Ground Acceleration -10% chance of being exceeded in 50 years Predicting Earthquakes Seismologists have focused on the problem of predicting earthquakes for the past 100 years. The cost of human life and property from earthquake and earthquake- related incidents makes this natural hazard one of the greatest threats on the earth. The Indian Ocean earthquake /tsunami of 2005 was one of the greatest natural calamities in recorded history. The problem with earthquake prediction is the multitude of unknown variables that may influence geologic movement. Various scientists have suggested that several factors or a combination of these factors may cause earthquakes. These factors include hydrological conditions or changes, magma flows, temperature variations, and City of Rosemead Hazard Mitigation Plan 56 underground deformation due to slippage in the earth's crust. A crucial problem is the lack of accurate information about conditions under the surface of the earth. Predicting earthquakes offers an opportunity to mitigate the effects of such a natural disaster, but the possibility of prediction also presents policymakers and public- safety decision makers with a significant challenge. Currently Los Angeles County is developing protocols for mass, evacuation, care, and shelter, of the public. If earthquakes could be predicted, providing the information to the public would present significant related problems for public officials. The possibility of public disorder or panic related to potential spontaneous evacuation is a real and important concern. Ongoing prediction research may make accurate predictions possible in the next 5 to 10 years. Public - safety planners must anticipate the benefits and challenges of improved predictive methods. Southern California is one of the internal centers for this type of research. Several methods of possibly predicting earthquakes are currently being studied. Several are based on the assumption that changes under the earth may cause surface deformations. By correlating the surface deformation changes, it may be possible to predict slippage of faults under the earth. Earthquake - Related Hazards There are four specific hazards associated with earthquakes: ground shaking, landslides, liquefaction, and amplification. The severity of an earthquake is further influenced by a combination of five factors found at the point of the fault and the surrounding areas. The five geographic /environmental factors are soil composition, topography, proximity to the fault, magnitude of the earthquake, and the type of earthquake. Ground - shaking: Earthquakes generate seismic waves that are felt at the surface of the earth as ground shaking. This shaking results in the majority of the damage to structures at the earth's surface. The four factors that influence the strength of the shaking are the magnitude of the event, the distance to the epicenter, the type of fault, and the composition of the soil. Structures placed on loosely consolidated soil will typically receive greater damage than those built over bedrock or tightly compacted soil. Landslides: Landslides are a secondary earthquake- related hazard. A landslide can occur when the movement of a fault causes a hillside to become unstable and move. The City of Rosemead is relatively flat with few elevation changes. Liquefaction: Liquefaction occurs when the ground shaking causes soft, wet, granular soil to change from a solid state to a liquid sate. This often occurs in regions that were former river beds City of Rosemead Hazard Mitigation Plan 57 Southern California Earthquake Fault Map GG� GP�V KERN COUNTY LOS ANGELE COUNTY Ez �vQNO�as VENTURA COUNTY��ge�._ Fault Map Mpjpi roults tq Infertetl fau Wns or offshore escarpements San Andreas: 0 25 Miles • RasFO.v N BERNARDINO COUNTY •Los nngNes a Riverside Lcrr:r� $wYa Mn ORe,NCE RIVERSIDE COUNTY SAN DIEGO COUNTY The San Andreas is considered a "Master Fault' because it is the boundary of the Pacific and North American geologic plates. This fault has generated major and frequent earthquakes. It is approximately 1,000 miles in length, originating in northern California and terminating in the Salton Sea region of Southern California. The fault is divided into five segments reflecting the variety and local conditions along its length. Each of these segments demonstrates independent rates of movement and is capable of causing an earthquake. City of Rosemead Hazard Mitigation Plan 59 RIVERSIDE COUNTY SAN DIEGO COUNTY The San Andreas is considered a "Master Fault' because it is the boundary of the Pacific and North American geologic plates. This fault has generated major and frequent earthquakes. It is approximately 1,000 miles in length, originating in northern California and terminating in the Salton Sea region of Southern California. The fault is divided into five segments reflecting the variety and local conditions along its length. Each of these segments demonstrates independent rates of movement and is capable of causing an earthquake. City of Rosemead Hazard Mitigation Plan 59 The segment closest to the City of Rosemead is the Mojave segment. This segment is approximately 83 miles long. Evaluations of the fault and its history indicate the possibility of a major earthquake incident occurring between 1994 and 2026. Northridge /Oak Ridge: This fault was responsible for the 1994 Northridge earthquake. It may be an extension of the easternmost section of the Oak Ridge fault system. This fault is a blind thrust fault, a type unknown prior to the 1994 event. It caused major damage in the central and northern San Fernando Valley and in isolated pockets in Santa Monica and as far away as Anaheim in Orange County. Verdugo: The Verdugo fault is approximately 15 miles from Rosemead. Experts have gathered conflicting data regarding the nature and composition of this fault. The most recent research indicates that this fault changes composition and direction along its length. The fault seems to vary from a reverse fault at the northern end to a left - lateral strike -slip fault further south. The recurrence rate of this fault cannot be estimated without field- trenching studies. It is believed to be an active fault and capable of generating an earthquake in magnitude from 6.0 to 6.8. Sierra Madre: The Sierra Madre is part of a north- dipping, reverse fault zone approximately 47 miles in length. The fault runs under the San Gabriel Mountains from San Fernando to San Antonio Canyon where it forks and continues southward as the Cucamonga fault. Geologists believe the fault is divided into five segments with each segment exhibiting varying rates of slippage. The first segment is the San Fernando segment. This portion of the fault is the most active and was responsible for the 6.7 magnitude Sylmar earthquake in 1971. Studies of this fault were conducted in 1987 and 1995. The 1987 study concluded that most of the fault line east of San Fernando was not active. A 1998 study involved field research conducted by trenching a section of the fault near Altadena. This study determined that major earthquakes, greater than 7 in magnitude, have occurred twice in the past 150 years with a ground shift of between 10 to 30 feet at the surface. Geologists have concluded some of the segments of the Sierra Madre fault may be nearing the end of their stability cycle and can be expected to cause a major earthquake in the Los Angeles basin in the near future. The occurrence of the Sylmar quake in 1971 does not seem to preclude a larger quake along any portion of the fault, including the San Fernando segment. City of Rosemead Hazard Mitigation Plan 60 Whittier: The Whittier fault is a branch of the Elsinore fault zone, which is approximately 25 miles in length. This fault is a right lateral strike -slip fault and runs between the cities of Chino Hills and Whittier. It was responsible for the 1987 Whittier Narrows earthquake. Puente Hills: The Puente Hills fault is thrust fault that crosses the Los Angeles basin from Puente Hills in the southeast to just south of Griffith Park in the northwest. It is a blind thrust fault which is separate from the Whittier fault. It may have been responsible for the 4.4 Pico Rivera Fault in March 2010. City of Rosemead Hazard Mitigation Plan 61 • /1, vLI ANGELES • a7ir� I / I ♦° a _� Nil4a'LAnp Nn t \�BY•iMnl l -. dr 4,P UE Mil F J On• NATIONAL 9eeeBFl I `^ t Wit it �___. CeeOM�Ma 1 _ Bpmn 19M 66I t .LS -BL/ G rNR USr S m AB 0p tewtr �J P4F wit 1 FY elf F -- - - -- r; e „PC 1 Zeal, Q Bacemeed Cr, I.,danr Blind Thant Favh,- Q._. SvrlaceFOVln- ____ Mmary BOad Paula are buried below” lurk"; Fwla e.po,ed aitM Bnourd wrlaa; — Pobnliol Partheuake Fault mall triangle, Indicated lavh dip told whsro well located, dmhed where ^^n (See Table 5 -21 -Could coute 5,2)- ad dill lan (north) and thin 0rvi lire, approeimate, and doMd where in ndicmethe depth tontoun(e.p., .led ("M, 2005) Pmrgble vron,, 5 km = 5 kil9meien dap) on the ad _ fouh,vrlace (Shaw el al, 20021. Puente Hills Fault History of Earthquake Activity In its past 80 years the City of Rosemead has been adjacent to one of the most active earthquake areas in the County of Los Angeles. On July 8, 1929, a 4.7 earthquake struck the City of Whittier, causing extensive property damage. The next earthquake was on City ojltosemead Hazard Mitigation Plan 62 June 15, 1976. This 4.1 earthquake was centered in the Puente Hills just east of Whittier. It was followed by a 4.2 earthquake on New Year's Day, 1976. On October 1, 1987, the Whittier Narrows earthquake killed 8 people and damaged or destroyed 10,000 buildings, causing an estimated property loss of $300 million. In January 1994, the 6.4 Northridge earthquake caused damage from the San Fernando Valley to Anaheim. Community Earthquake Issues The City of Rosemead faces significant challenges related to the threat posed by earthquakes. As previously described, the City is in a geological zone that is crisscrossed by numerous active faults. The ability of structures and infrastructure to withstand earthquake effects combined with the individual preparedness of community members will determine how susceptible the Rosemead community is to earthquakes. Dams: The closest dam and reservoir that is a possible threat to Rosemead is the Eaton Wash Reservoir and Dam which is maintained by the Los County Department of Public Works. The dam is about 7.5 miles from Rosemead. The dam was built in 1937 as part of the county flood - control project. It is a rock -fill dam, 63 feet high and 1,545 feet long. Normal storage is 721 acre -feet. Like most of the flood - control dams in the San Gabriel Mountains, the dam is maintained at the minimum storage level. Current estimates indicate the Eaton Wash on the east border of the City could handle a catastrophic failure of the dam with minimal flooding on the northeast corner of the City. Buildings: The City of Rosemead has many buildings that are susceptible to earthquake damage. Some of the buildings predate the 1994 earthquake, when building codes were not as strict. Older buildings along major commercial corridors like Garvey Avenue and Valley Boulevard could be heavily damaged during a major earthquake. A secondary threat to the buildings in Rosemead is the threat from fire. Fires often accompany major earthquakes. Damage to streets and local public- safety facilities may limit an effective response to fires. Numerous underground pipelines ruptured during the 1994 earthquake and resulted in fires throughout the San Fernando Valley. The 1998 Cal Tech/USGA study predicts that damaged or destroyed buildings can deposit debris that is physically dangerous and possibly toxic. Debris can block streets and remain a hazard for many months after an earthquake. Areas of the San Fernando Valley had full -time crews picking up debris for nearly a year after the 1994 earthquake. Transportation systems: Residents in the City of Rosemead commute frequently by automobile and public transportation such as buses and light rail. An earthquake can greatly damage bridges and roads, hampering emergency response efforts and the normal movement of people and City of Rosemead Hazard Mitigation Plan 63 goods. It is possible that in an earthquake of a magnitude of 7 or greater, Rosemead could be partially isolated if the 10 freeway is badly damaged. Damage to the freeway could also hamper the movement of disaster workers and residents, should freeway crossings, access ramps, and underpasses be blocked or destroyed. Damaged infrastructure strongly affects the economy of the community because it disconnects people from work, school, food, and leisure, and separates businesses from their customers and suppliers. One of the most problematic issues is the presence of private bridges in the City. Bridges can sustain damage during earthquakes, leaving them unsafe for use. Some bridges fail due to strong ground motion caused by earthquakes. Bridges are a vital transportation link —with even minor damage, some areas become inaccessible. Because bridges vary in size, materials, location and design, earthquake motion may affect them differently. Bridges built before the mid -1970s have a significantly higher risk of suffering structural damage during a moderate to large earthquake compared with those built after 1980, when design improvements were mandated in California. Much of the interstate highway system was built in the mid- to late- 1960s. The bridges in the City of Rosemead are state -, county -, or privately -owned (including railroad bridges). Cal Trans has retrofitted most bridges on the freeway system; however, there are still some county- maintained bridges that are not retrofitted. The Federal Highway Administration requires that bridges on the National Bridge Inventory be inspected every 2 years. CalTrans is responsible for administering local federal highway funds and conducts periodic checks of highway bridges. Economic Impact of an Earthquake Seismic activity can cause great loss to businesses, both large -scale corporations and small retail shops. Seismic activity can create economic loss that presents a burden to large and small business owners who may have difficulty recovering from their losses. Forty percent of businesses that close during a disaster do not reopen, and another 25% fail within 1 year, according to FEMA. Similar statistics from the United States Small Business Administration indicate that over 90% of such businesses fail within 2 years of being struck by a disaster. The lack of current data precludes a quantitative analysis of potential losses in Rosemead, but an examination of a nearby city can provide some useful insights into the nature and extent of these losses. In 2007 the Whittier Daily News did a report on the economic impact of the 1987 magnitude 5.9 Whittier Narrows earthquake on the City of Whittier: 10,000 homes and businesses were badly damaged or destroyed; the losses in 1987 were nearly $400 million; and the main business corridor in City known as the Uptown area was badly damaged. Many businesses had to be cleared and remain vacant lots to this day. Other businesses were only damaged but had unsustainable losses due to destruction of City of Rosemead Hazard Mitigation Plan 64 inventory. The aftermath of the earthquake also discouraged new investments, which further depressed the Uptown area and hampered recovery by the businesses that survived. In a similar situation, coupled with the displacement of residents, damage to buildings, loss of real estate values, and loss of taxes and jobs, the economic impact on Rosemead would be considerable. The economic impact of an earthquake spreads beyond the loss of local businesses. In the 2004 study by Loukaitou - Sideris and Kamel titled Residential Recovery From the Northridge Earthquake: An Evaluation of Federal Assistance Programs, the authors noted that the areas which were most severely affected and which lagged in recovery had' higher- than - average populations of Hispanic, renter, low income, and non- English- speaking households. Such disparities, which are also characteristic of business recovery, illustrate the strong geographic character of socio- economic vulnerability to earthquake disasters. Existing Mitigation Activities Existing mitigation activities include current mitigation programs and activities that are being implemented by county, regional, state, or federal agencies or organizations. One of the most important mitigation programs is the City of Rosemead Building Codes. City of Rosemead Codes: The City of Rosemead Building Code (2002 Los Angeles County Building Code) sets the minimum design and construction standards for new buildings. In 1998, the City of Rosemead adopted the most recent seismic standards in its building code, which requires that new buildings be built at a higher seismic standard. Since 1998 the City of Rosemead has also required that site - specific seismic hazard investigations be performed for new essential facilities, major structures, hazardous facilities, and special occupancy structures such as schools, hospitals, and emergency- response facilities.' The City of Rosemead Department of Building and Safety enforces building codes pertaining to earthquake hazards. Currently, the City of Rosemead has adopted the Los Angeles County 2002 Building Code (2001 California Building Code). The following sections of the Uniform Building Code address the earthquake hazard: 1605.1 (Distribution of Horizontal Sheer); 1605.2 (Stability against Overturning); 1626 (Seismic); 1605.3 (Anchorage); and 1632, 1633, 1633.9 deal with specific earthquake hazards. City of Rosemead Hazard Mitigation Plan 65 The City of Rosemead Planning Department enforces the zoning and land -use regulations relating to earthquake hazards. The Safety Element of the General Plan establishes standards and plans for the protection of the community from a variety of hazards and regulates development. Generally, these codes seek to discourage development in areas that could be prone to flooding, landslide, wildfire, and /or seismic hazards and, where development is permitted, to ensure that the applicable construction standards are met. Developers in hazard -prone areas may be required to retain a qualified professional engineer to evaluate level of risk on the site and recommend appropriate mitigation measures. Earthquake Education: Earthquake research and education activities are conducted at several major universities in the Southern California region, including Cal Tech, USC, UCLA, UCI, and UCSB. The local clearinghouse for earthquake information is the Southern California Earthquake Center located at the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, Telephone: (213) 740 -5843, Fax: (213) 740 -0011, Email: SCEinfo @usc.edu, Website: http: / /www.scec.org. The Southern California Earthquake Center (SCEC) is a community of scientists and specialists who actively coordinate research on earthquake hazards at nine core institutions, and communicate earthquake information to the public. SCEC is a National Science Foundation (NSF) Science and Technology Center and is co- funded by the United States Geological Survey (USGS). In addition, Los Angeles County, along with other Southern California counties, sponsors the Emergency Survival Program (ESP), an educational program for learning how to prepare for earthquakes and other disasters. Many school districts have very active emergency preparedness programs that include earthquake drills and periodic disaster response team exercises. Earthquake Mitigation Action Items The earthquake mitigation action items are designed to provide guidance to agencies, organizations, and residents regarding specific activities designed to help mitigate this threat. Each action item is followed by implementation suggestions. City of Rosemead Hazard Mitigation Plan 66 Short Term - Earthquake #1 Develop a shelter and care plan for major earthquake events impacting the City of Rosemead. Coordination: The Emergency Preparedness Coordinator, City Parks Department, and the Public Safety Coordinator. Timeline: Implementation: Goal Compliance: Constraints: 2 years A) Develop a shelter plan for City residents using existing Parks facilities. B) Develop a care plan for City residents using existing City properties. Protect life and property. Funding to support the development of the plans. Project Evaluation/Documentation: Report biannually to the Public Safety Coordinator. Short Term - Earthquake #2 Develop an evacuation plan for major earthquake events impacting the City of Rosemead. Coordination: Emergency Preparedness Coordinator and the Los Angeles Sheriff's Department. Timeline: 2 Years Implementation: Develop an evacuation plan that addresses the needs of the Rosemead Community while integrating operational details with evacuation plans developed by the County of Los Angeles. Goal Compliance: Protection of life and property; improve emergency services. City of Rosemead Hazard Mitigation Plan 67 Constraints: Funding to support Plan development. Project Evaluation/Documentation: Report biannually to the Public Safety Coordinator. Short Term - Earthquake #3 Review earthquake standards for the City of Rosemead and incorporate necessary changes into the City General Plan. Coordination: Community Development, City Engineering Timeline: 2 years. Implementation: A) Evaluate current City standards against current county /state regulations. B) Develop recommendations for changes in current standards. C) Incorporate the changes into the General Plan. Goal Compliance: Protect life and property. Constraints: Funding and availability of staff support. Project Evaluation/Documentation: Biannual report for the City department heads. Short Term- Earthquake #4 Develop a permanent relationship with local private and public earthquake research and education institutions. Coordination: Timeline: Emergency Preparedness Coordinator 2 years City of Rosemead Hazard Mitigation Plan 68 Implementation: Goal Compliance: Constraints: Project Evaluation/Documentation: A) Contact local private - and public - education and research institutions. B) Optimize City involvement to provide additional resources to Community Stakeholders and City decision makers. Public awareness; encourage stakeholder participation. Funding /scheduling limitations. Annual report to the City Council. Long Term- Earthquake #1 Encourage seismic - strength evaluations of privately -owned structures in the City. Coordination: Timeline: Implementation: Goal Compliance: Constraints: Project Evaluation/Documentation: Public Safety Coordinator, City Engineer 3 -5 years A) Develop an education program for the Community. B) Design an evaluation program to provide seismic evaluations. Public awareness; encourage stakeholder partnerships. Program funding. Annual report to the City Council. Long Term- Earthquake #2 Ident fy funding sources for structural retrofitting of structures in the Rosemead Community. Coordination: City Redevelopment, Emergency Preparedness Coordinator. City of Rosemead Hazard Mitigation Plan 69 Timeline: Implementation: Goal Compliance: Constraints: Project Evaluation/Documentation: 3 -5 years Collect information on external funding sources. Protect life and property. Funding for staff support. Annual report to the City Council. Long Term - Earthquake #3 Develop public information programs to encourage earthquake preparedness. Coordination: Timeline: Implementation: Goal Compliance: Constraints: Project Evaluation/Documentation: Emergency Preparedness Coordinator. 3 -5 years A) Collect information gathered in Short Term Goal # 4. B) Integrate the information into existing education materials. C) Develop new education programs on earthquake preparedness. Public awareness. Funding limitations. Annual report to the City Council. Long Term - Earthquake #4 Encourage the purchase of private earthquake insurance in the Rosemead Community. Coordination: Timeline: Emergency Preparedness Coordinator, Planning Department 3 -5 years. City of Rosemead Hazard Mitigation Plan 70 Implementation: Goal Compliance: Constraints: Project Evaluation/Documentation: Develop public - awareness programs about the benefits of purchasing earthquake insurance. Protect life and property. Availability of affordable insurance to Community Stakeholders. Annual report to the City Council. Long Term - Earthquake 45 Develop a response model based on the possibility of accurate earthquake prediction techniques Coordination: Public Safety Coordinator Emergency Preparedness Coordinator, Sheriffs Department, LA County Fire Department Timeline: 3 -5 years. Implementation: Improvements in the next 5 years may make reliable earthquake predictions possible. Studies should be conducted to determine how the City would provide emergency services and protect the community should this become a reality. Goal Compliance: Constraints: Project Evaluation/Documentation Protect life and property, improve emergency services. Progress of earthquake research. Report to the City Council. City of Rosemead Hazard Mitigation Plan 71 Earthquake Resource Directory Local and Regional Resources: Los Angeles County Public Works Department Level: County Hazard: Multi 900 S. Fremont Ave. Alhambra, CA 91803 http: / /ladpw.org Ph: 626-458-5 100 Fx: The Los Angeles County Department of Public Works (DPW) protects property and promotes public safety through Flood Control, Water Conservation, Road Maintenance, Bridges, Buses and Bicycle Trails, Building and Safety, Land Development, Waterworks, Sewers, Engineering, Capital Projects, and Airports Southern California Earthquake Center Level: Regional Hazard: Earthquake www.scec.org 3651 Trousdale Parkway Suite 169 Los Angeles, CA 90089 -0742 Ph: 213 - 740 -5843 Fx: 213/740 -0011 The Southern California Earthquake Center (SCEC) gathers new information about earthquakes in Southern California, integrates this information into a comprehensive and predictive understanding of earthquake phenomena, and communicates this understanding to end -users and the general public in order to increase earthquake awareness, reduce economic losses, and save lives. City of Rosemead Hazard Mitigation Plan 72 State Resources: California Department of Transportation Level: State Hazard: Multi http: / /www.dot.ca.gov/ 120 S. Spring Street Los Angeles, CA 90012 Ph: 213- 897 -3656 Fx: The California Department of Transportation (CalTrans) is responsible for the design, construction, maintenance, and operation of the California State Highway System, as well as that portion of the Interstate Highway System within the state's boundaries. Alone and in partnership with Amtrak, CalTrans is also involved in the support of intercity passenger rail service in California. California Resources Agency Level: State Hazard: Multi http: / /resources.ca.gov/ 1416 Ninth Street Suite 1311 Sacramento, CA 95814 Ph: 916- 653 -5656 Fx: The California Resources Agency restores, protects and manages the state's natural, historical and cultural resources for current and fixture generations using solutions based on science, collaboration, and respect for all the communities and interests involved. California Division of Mines and Geology (DMG) Level: State Hazard: Multi www.consrv.ca.gov /cgs /index.htm 801 K Street MS 12 -30 Sacramento, CA 95814 Ph: 916 - 445 -1825 Fx: 916 - 445 -5718 The California Geological Survey develops and disseminates technical information and advice on California's geology, geologic hazards, and mineral resources. California Department of Conservation: Southern California Regional Office Level: State Hazard: Multi www.consrv.ca.gov 655 S. Hope Street #700 Los Angeles, CA 90017 -2321 Ph: 213- 239 -0878 Fx: 213 - 239 -0984 The Department of Conservation provides services and information that promote environmental health, economic vitality, informed land -use decisions and sound management of our state's natural resources. City of Rosemead Hazard Mitigation Plan 73 California Planning Information Network Level: State Hazard: Multi www.calpin.ca.gov Ph: Fx: The Governor's Office of Planning and Research (OPR) publishes basic information on local planning agencies, known as the California Planners' Book of Lists. This local planning information is available online with new search capabilities and up -to- the - minute updates. California Emergency Management Agency Level: State Hazard: Multi www.CalEMA.ca.gov P.O. Box 419047 Rancho Cordova, CA 95741 -9047 Ph: 916 845- 8911 Fx: 916 845- 8910 The California Emergency Management Agency (CalEMA) coordinates the overall state - agency response to major disasters in support of local government. The office is responsible for assuring the state's readiness to respond to and recover from natural, human-made, and war- caused emergencies, and for assisting local governments in their emergency preparedness, response, and recovery efforts. City of Rosemead Hazard Mitigation Plan 74 Federal and National Resources: Building Seismic Safety Council Level: National Hazard: Earthquake www.bssconline.org 1090 Vermont Ave., NW Suite 700 Washington, DC 20005 Ph: 202 - 289 -7800 Fx: 202 - 289 -109 The Building Seismic Safety Council (BSSC) develops and promotes building earthquake risk - mitigation regulatory provisions for the nation. Federal Emergency Management Agency, Region IX Level: Federal Hazard: Multi www.fema.gov 1111 Broadway Suite 1200 Oakland, CA 94607 Ph: 510- 627 -7100 Fx: 510- 627 -7112 The Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) is tasked with responding to, planning for, recovering from, and mitigating against disasters. Federal Emergency Management Agency, Mitigation Division Level: Federal Hazard: Multi www .fema.gov /fima/planhowto.shtm 500 C Street, S.W. Washington, D.C. 20472 Ph: 202 -566 -1600 Fx: The FEMA Mitigation Division manages the National Flood Insurance Program and oversees FEMA's mitigation programs. It has a number of programs and activities that provide citizens protection, with flood insurance; prevention, with mitigation measures; and partnerships, with communities throughout the country. United States Geological Survey Level: Federal Hazard: Multi http: / /www.usgs.gov/ 345 Middlefield Road Menlo Park, CA 94025 Ph: 650- 853 -8300 Fx: The United States Geological Survey (USGS) provides reliable scientific information to describe and understand the Earth; minimize loss of life and property from natural disasters; manage water, biological, energy, and mineral resources; and enhance and protect our quality of life. City of Rosemead Hazard Mitigation Plan 75 Western States Seismic Policy Council Level: Regional Hazard: Earthquake www.wsspc.org/home.html 125 California Avenue Suite D201, #1 Palo Alto, CA 94306 1 Ph: 650- 330 -1101 Fx: 650- 326 -1769 The Western States Seismic Policy Council (WSSPC) is a regional earthquake consortium funded mainly by FEMA. Its website is a great resource, with information clearly categorized —from policy to engineering and education. Institute for Business & Home Safety Level: National Hazard: Multi 4775 E. Fowler Avenue Tampa, FL 43617 http: / /www.ibhs.org/ Ph: 813-286-3400 Fx:813- 286 -9960 The Institute for Business & Home Safety (IBHS) is a nonprofit association that engages in communication, education, engineering, and research. The Institute works to reduce deaths, injuries, property damage, economic losses, and human suffering caused by natural disasters. City of Rosemead Hazard Mitigation Plan 76 Section 2: Flooding Why Are Floods a Threat to Rosemead? The City of Rosemead is traversed by or adjacent to four major Los Angeles County Flood Control District Channels: Eaton Wash, Rubio Wash, Alhambra Wash, and the Rio Hondo Channel. The nearest major river /stream is the Rio Hondo River, which empties into the Los Angeles River. Normally these four channels are dry and only carry a significant amount of water flow during a major rainstorm. The Army Corps of Engineers and County of Los Angeles have provided protections to communities like Rosemead along the river channels to protect against flood flows and sediment transport. Engineered channels have been deepened, widened, straightened, and lined to increase flow and carrying capacity. Although flooding from these channels does not pose a significant hazard to safety or property in Rosemead, during significant storm events, inflow structures in the Rio Hondo Channel restrict street drainage flows. Consequently, there exists the potential for spot flooding along the channel inlets. Otherwise, flood - protection measures and devices put in place by flood - control agencies or the City are sufficient to handle anticipated flooding threats. The City of Rosemead was most recently affected by flooding associated with severe storm events in January 1993 and 1995. Damage to City facilities was estimated at $3,966 in 1993 and $31,250 in 1995. These storms were of statewide significance, receiving both state and federal disaster declarations (DR -979 and DR -1044) and resulted in 20 deaths and $600,000,000 in damage in 1993 and 11 deaths and $741,400,000 in damage in 1995. History of Flooding in Rosemead Early communities established along the Rio Hondo and San Gabriel River Systems were subject to periodic major flooding. Due to severe flooding, the founding Franciscan missionaries of the original San Gabriel Mission were forced to move the mission site in 1775 after only 4 years at the original site, near where San Gabriel Boulevard now crosses the Rio Hondo River in Montebello. Major debris flows out of the canyons of the San Gabriel Mountains and often accompanied these floods in the upper valley. As early as 1893, flood control was discussed by Los Angeles County officials to assess storm flows from the mountains. Major storms in 1914 and 1916 led to the creation of the Los Angeles County Flood Control District and ultimately to the implementation of flood - control measures on the Rio Hondo and its tributaries. The City of Rosemead is generally not susceptible to major flooding from severe storms and associated urban run -off. The City does not include any floodplain area identified by the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA). However, portions of the City of Rosemead Hazard Mitigation Plan 77 extensive flood - control network in the Los Angeles basin could be overwhelmed downstream of the Whittier Narrows dam. L oS' Angeles'River Watershed -w- �•�`.. � rJ'•'l�� jx�� t�Y �l• 1l ti F�m�i Oil' -1 (�r •, � ( Q` rfr�s��, -bra•, 'J�'o: t�i� r _ a ero ;. � h Cm ` �ch�k�•G',i�i i t / k��{ ` mn Orono I l j 1 _ Irk•.. c Legend O� — ;Friw:�n rQIAV cow= .l wear C.uwnNW W. 61 0 .2 U 4 sn W. M1 I3 U. CA SI.A9M ®BPS Npka "CCU V D I'(enwAerS.'0@ s r; Los Angeles River Watershed What Factors Create Flood Risk? Flooding: Flooding occurs when climate, topography, geology, and hydrology combine to create conditions where water flows out of natural or human -made courses. City of Rosemead Hazard Mitigation Plan 78 Winter rainfall: The City of Rosemead receives most of its annual rainfall during the winter months. The average rainfall in Los Angeles County is approximately 16 inches a year. There are often significant swings in the amount of rainfall. The 2001 -2002 winter had just under 5 inches but was followed up 3 years later in 2004 -2005 by a winter season of 36 inches, which was the second greatest rainfall total in history. Geology and geography: Although the City of Rosemead is roughly 11 miles east of Los Angeles, it is not so far away as to not be affected by the heavy rains that brought flooding to Los Angeles. In addition, the towering' mountains that give the Los Angeles region its spectacular views also wring a great deal of rain out of the storm clouds that pass through. Because the mountains are so steep, the rainwater moves rapidly down the slopes and across the coastal plains on its way to the ocean. Naturally, this rainfall moves rapidly downstream, often with severe consequences for anything in its path. In extreme cases, flood - generated debris flows will roar down a canyon at speeds near 40 miles per hour with a wall of mud, debris, and water tens of feet high. The Los Angeles County basin geology has a thick sedimentary surface composed of rock, gravel, and silt erosion that has flowed out of the surrounding foothills for thousands of years. This soil composition is capable of absorbing moisture. (This is also the basis for the liquefaction condition mentioned in the prior earthquake section.) In dry rainfall periods the soil is capable of absorbing large amounts of water. If the soil is already saturated, any rainfall becomes runoff and can lead to flooding. Human -made changes in the geography have also contributed to the problem. Los Angeles County is nearly "built out' with little open space remaining. One of the associated problems with this development is the use of asphalt to cover large areas of the surface. Nearly all roadways in Los Angeles County are asphalt. The County flood - control systems are designed to collect runoff from properties into the gutter system along streets and direct the water into the underground flood - control system. Common infrastructure- maintenance procedures such as paving over old asphalt can contribute to the flood risk. Procedures like repaving streets can raise the street level several inches while diminishing the water - removal capabilities of a street system. Major rivers /streams in the San Gabriel Valley are the Rio Hondo and San Gabriel Rivers. Prior to 1943, the San Gabriel River fed the Rio Hondo River, but construction of the Santa Fe Dam in Irwindale diverted the streams to form two separate streams. Four major Los Angeles County Flood Control District Channels transverse or are adjacent to the City, including Easton Wash, Rubio Wash, Alhambra Wash, and the Rio Hondo Channel. City of Rosemead Hazard Mitigation Plan 79 Rubio Wash traverses the city from the northwest to the southeast before emptying into the Rio Hondo Channel. Eaton Wash runs parallel to Strang Avenue and is the northeastern boundary of the City before it drains into the Rio Hondo channel. Alhambra Wash on the west boundary flows into Whittier Narrows at the Whittier Narrows Golf Course. The Narrows, which is the gap between the Puente Hills and the Montebello (Merced) Hills, represents the lowest elevation in the San Gabriel Valley, through which the Rio Hondo and San Gabriel Rivers flow. The nearest major river is the San Gabriel River. This river does not have any potential flood impact on the City of Rosemead. Normally this river channel is dry and only carries a significant water flow during a major rainstorm. The river channel is part of the County Flood Control District. Flood Terminology Floodplain: • floodplain is a land area that is near a river or body of water that is subject to flooding. • floodplain area can store excess flood water. A floodplain has two sections: the floodway and the flood fringe. The City of Rosemead is not in a floodplain area. 100 -year flood: A 100 -year flood is a flood event that has a I% chance of being equaled or exceeded in magnitude in a year. The area covered by water in a 100 -year flood is called a 100 -year floodplain. FEMA mapped the 100 -year and 500 -year floodplains through the Flood Insurance Study (FIS) in conjunction with the United States Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) in August of 1987. There were previous studies done, including a Housing and Urban Development (HUD) study, which mapped the floodplain in March of 1978, which is when the City of Rosemead initially entered into the National Flood Insurance Program. The county has updated portions of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers and FEMA maps through smaller drainage studies in the county since that time. Floodway: Unlike floodplains, floodways are not geographic locations. The term has been adopted for regulatory purposes. Floodways are defined by the National Flood Insurance Plan (NFIP) as the channel of a river or stream and the adjacent land that must be reserved to discharge base flooding without increasing water elevation more than a foot. Flood fringe: The term flood fringe refers to the outer portion of a waterway and is defined by the NF1P as land area outside the stream way but subject to periodic inundation by flooding. This is a particularly hazardous area because most local governments allow development in these areas. City of Rosemead Hazard Mitigation Plan 80 Base -flood elevation: Base -flood elevation is generally defined as elevation that a base flood is expected to reach. This is usually measured in feet from sea level. Communities usually determine their base -flood elevation based on data from historical flood events, which indicate the water levels in past floods. The NFIP recommends that in the absence of such data on elevation can be determined based on the potential level of a 100 -year flood. Flooding Characteristics Any low -lying urban area is prone to flooding. With Rosemead's geographic location at the foot of the mountains and approximately seven to eight miles distant, there is a remote possibility of flooding. Flooding in urban areas is likely when water generated by runoff exceeds the storm -drain system's capacity to remove it. Riverine flooding: Riverine flooding is caused by the overbank flooding of a river or stream. This is usually the result of a sudden storm system producing heavy rainfall that overwhelms the drainage system. FEMA defines shallow flood hazards as an area normally inundated by a 100 -year flood with a depth of one to three feet. Urban flooding: Urban flooding occurs when an urban area with a high concentration of impermeable surfaces is subjected to a sudden deluge of rainwater. The flow of water can pick up and deposit debris, which can block drainage points and cause water to back up. The result is the rapid buildup of water which can cause flooding in intersections and block streets. Dam flooding: The greatest threat for catastrophic destruction from flooding comes from the possibility of a dam failure. There have been six major dam failures in the past 85 years in Southern California. The two worst failures were the St. Francis dam failure in 1928 and the Baldwin Hills failure in 1963. The St. Francis dam was a concrete dam that failed when surrounding topography slipped, causing the structure to fail in the middle of the night. The resulting flood killed over 500 residents as the water flowed out to the ocean. The Baldwin Hills Dam was an earthen reservoir designed to store drinking water. It failed after a crack appeared that rapidly spread into a 75' gash that emptied the entire reservoir. The cost of this failure was 5 deaths and 65 homes destroyed. Loss of life and damage to structures, roads, and utilities may result from a dam failure. Economic losses can also result from a lowered tax base and lack of utility profits. As there are no dams or reservoirs in the City of Rosemead, dam failure flooding is not viewed as a viable natural hazard scenario. Because dam failure can have severe consequences, FEMA requires that all dam owners develop Emergency Action Plans (EAP) for warning, evacuation, and post -flood actions. City of Rosemead Hazard Mitigation Plan 81 Although there may be coordination with county officials in the development of the EAP, the responsibility for developing potential flood inundation maps and facilitation of emergency response is the responsibility of the dam owner. The City of Rosemead borders the inundation area for a massive failure by the Santa Fe Dam. For more detailed information regarding dam - failure flooding and potential flood - inundation zones for a particular dam in the county, refer to the City of Rosemead Emergency Action Plan. City of Rosemead Hazard Mitigation Plan 82 Santa Fe Dam Emergency Plan Hazard Assessment Hazard assessment is accomplished in three phases: hazard identification, vulnerability assessment, and risk analysis. City of Rosemead Hazard Mitigation Plan 83 Hazard identification: Hazard identification is the first phase of flood - hazard assessment. Identification is the process of estimating (1) the geographic extent of the floodplain (i.e., the area at risk from flooding); (2) the intensity of the flooding that can be expected in specific areas of the floodplain; and (3) the probability of occurrence of flood events. This process usually results in the creation of a floodplain map. Floodplain maps provide detailed information that can assist jurisdictions in making policies and land -use decisions. Vulnerability assessment: Vulnerability assessment is the second step of flood - hazard assessment. It combines the floodplain boundary generated through hazard identification, with an inventory of the property in the floodplain. Understanding the population and property exposed to natural hazards will assist in reducing risk and preventing loss from future events. Because site - specific inventory data and inundation levels given for a particular flood event (10 -year, 25 -year, 50 -year, 100 -year, 500 -year) are not readily available, calculating a community's vulnerability to flood events is not straightforward. The amount of property in the floodplain, as well as the type and value of structures on those properties, should be calculated to provide a working estimate for potential flood losses. Of the nine locations currently under development in the City of Rosemead, only one is adjacent to a wash. Risk analysis: Risk analysis is the third and most advanced phase of a hazard assessment. It builds on the hazard identification and vulnerability assessment. A flood risk analysis for the City of Rosemead should include two components: (1) the life and value of property that may incur losses from a flood event (defined through the vulnerability assessment); and (2) the number and type of flood events expected to occur over time. Within the broad components of a risk analysis, it is possible to predict the severity of damage from a range of events. Flow- velocity models can assist in predicting the amount of damage expected from different magnitudes of flood events. The data used to develop these models is based on hydrological analysis of landscape features. Changes in the landscape, often associated with human development, can alter the flow velocity and the severity of damage that can be expected from a flood event. Community Flood Issues There are 10 factors in assessing community flood issues: susceptibility, property losses, impact on-manufactured homes, business and industry, public infrastructure, roads, bridges, storm -water systems, water services and wastewater treatment, and water quality. What is susceptible to damage during a flood event? The largest impact on communities from flood events is the loss of life and property. During certain years, property losses resulting from flood damage are extensive. Development in the City of Rosemead will continue to be at risk from flooding because City of Rosemead Hazard Mitigation Plan 84 flood damage occurs on a regular basis throughout the county. Property loss from floods strikes both private and public property. Losses in the City of Rosemead over the past 25 years have totaled approximately $35,000. Property loss resulting from flooding events: The type of property damage caused by flood events depends on the depth and velocity of the flood waters. Faster - moving flood waters can wash buildings off their foundations and sweep cars downstream. Pipelines, bridges, and other infrastructure can be damaged when high waters combine with flood debris. Extensive damage can be caused by basement flooding and by landslides related to soil saturation from flood events. Most flood damage is caused by water saturating materials susceptible to loss (e.g., wood, insulation, wallboard, fabric, furnishings, floor coverings, and appliances). In many cases, flood damage to homes renders them unlivable. Manufactured homes: Statewide, the 1996 floods destroyed 156 housing units. Of those units, 61% were mobile homes and trailers. Many older manufactured home parks are located in floodplain areas. Manufactured homes have a lower level of structural stability than stick -built homes, and must be anchored to provide additional structural stability during flood events. Because of confusion in the late 1980s resulting from multiple changes in National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP) regulations, there are some communities that do not actively enforce anchoring requirements. Lack of enforcement of manufactured -home construction standards in floodplains can contribute to severe damages from flood events. Business /industry: Flood events impact businesses by damaging property and by interrupting business. Flood events can cut off customer access to a business as well as close a business for repairs. A quick response to the needs of businesses affected by flood events can help a community maintain economic vitality in the face of flood damage. Responses to business damages can include funding to assist owners in elevating or relocating flood - prone business structures. Public Infrastructure: Publicly owned facilities are a key component of daily life for all citizens of the county. Damage to public water and sewer systems, transportation networks, flood - control facilities, emergency facilities, and offices can hinder the ability of the government to deliver services. Government can take action to reduce risk to public infrastructure from flood events, as well as craft public policy that reduces risk to private property from flood events. Roads: During natural hazard events or any type of emergency or disaster, dependable road connections are critical for providing emergency services. Roads systems in the City of Rosemead are maintained by multiple jurisdictions. Federal, state, county, and city City of Rosemead Hazard Miligalion Plan 85 governments all have a stake in protecting roads from flood damage. Road networks often traverse floodplain and floodway areas. Transportation agencies responsible for road maintenance are typically aware of roads at risk from flooding. Bridges: Bridges are key points of concern during flood events because they are important links in road networks and river crossings, and can be obstructions in watercourses, inhibiting the flow of water during flood events. The bridges in the City of Rosemead are state or city owned. A state - designated inspector must inspect all state, county, and city bridges every 2 years, although private bridges are not inspected and can be very dangerous. The inspections are rigorous, looking at everything from seismic capability to erosion and scour. Storm -water systems: Local drainage problems are relatively uncommon throughout the City of Rosemead. There is a drainage master plan, and the City of Rosemead Public Works staff is aware of local drainage threats. The problems are often present where storm -water runoff enters culverts or goes underground into storm sewers. Inadequate maintenance can also contribute to the flood hazard in urban areas. Water services /wastewater treatment facilities: There are five water - service companies in the City of Rosemead. They include California American Water Company, San Gabriel Valley Water Company, San Gabriel County Water District, Amarillo Mutual Water Company, and Golden State Water Company. The water sources of these companies are derived from groundwater and are imported through the Metropolitan Water District. San Gabriel County Water District and California American Water Company have corporate yards located in the City but no water - storage facilities. The City of Rosemead is a part of the Consolidated Sewer Maintenance District of Los Angeles County. There are no wastewater treatment facilities in the City. Water quality: Environmental quality problems include bacteria, toxins, and pollution. Water pollution from mismanaged land uses can threaten area water resources. The individual water companies are responsible for conducting their own tests, and acceptable levels of contaminants are determined by state and federal standards. Additionally, the San Gabriel Basin Water Quality Authority, which was established by the state legislature, develops, finances, and implements groundwater treatment programs in the San Gabriel Basin. Groundwater- contamination issues are complex but most sources are attributable to industrial polluters. Stone drains are intended to take rainwater straight to the ocean to avoid area flooding. Storm drain water is not treated before flowing directly into rivers and the ocean, making City of Rosemead Hazard Mitigation Plan 96 it everyone's responsibility to make sure storm drains and waterways are free of pollutants. Los Angeles County measures the water quality of storm drainage at various locations as part of the County and City's National Pollution Discharge Elimination System (NPDEA) Permit under the federal Clean Water Act. The permit is required in order to discharge storm -water from the storm -drain system. Storm -water permits are issued for 5- year periods. The City is currently implementing the fourth 5 -year permit. Flood Mitigation Action Items Flood - mitigation action items are designed to provide guidance to agencies, organizations, and residents regarding specific activities designed to help mitigate this threat. Each action item is followed by implementation suggestions. Short Term —Flood #1 Encourage local residents and businesses to take steps to prepare for the winter rainy season. Coordination: Timeline: Public Safety Coordinator 2 years Implementation: Design and present a community- awareness program regarding heavy rain and flood - related hazards with preparation tips for community members. Goal Compliance: Constraints: Project Evaluation/Documentation: Protect life and property. Funding to support the development of the plans. Report biannually to the City Council. Short Term —Flood #2 Conduct an annual review with the LA County Flood Control District to update the City on any changes in the management of the Eaton Canyon Dam and local flood - control channels. Coordination: Public Works City of Rosemead Hazard Mitigation Plan 87 Timeline: Continuous Implementation: Conduct annual update meetings with LACFCD regarding the dam and flood- control channels. Goal Compliance: Protect life and property, improve public awareness. Constraints: Staffing to conduct meetings. Project Evaluation/Documentation: Report annually to the City Council. Short Term --Flood #3 Develop a City disaster warning system Coordination: Public Safety Coordinator, Sheriff's Department, City Engineer Timeline: Continuous Implementation: Design a warning system using a variety of electronic communication systems to warn residents of flooding danger. Goal Compliance: Protect life and property, improve public awareness. Constraints: Funding for warning system. Project Evaluation/Documentation: Report annually to the City Manager and City Council. Short Term —Flood #4 Review development requirements in potential floodplain areas. Coordination: Timeline: City Planning Division, City Engineer Continuous City of Rosemead Hazard Mitigation Plan 88 Implementation: Goal Compliance: Constraints: Project Evaluation/Documentation: Review all new development for potential flood hazards. Protect life and property, improve public awareness. Budget to support the review. Report annually to the City Council, City Manager. Note: This action item can be combined with earthquake - mitigation efforts to determine potential risks to new developments. Coordination: Timeline: Long Term —Flood #1 Update surface -water plans. City Planning Division, City Engineer 1 to 5 years Implementation Review all flood - mitigation efforts /surface- water plans and integrate them into updates of the City of Rosemead General Plan. Goal Compliance: Constraints: Project Evaluation/Documentation: Protect life and property. Staffing availability. Report annually to the City Manager, City Council. Long Term —Flood #2 Identify potential or developing surface water drainage obstructions in the City of Rosemead. Coordination: Timeline: City Planning Division, City Engineer 3 to 5 years City of Rosemead Hazard Mitigation Pian 89 Implementation: Goal Compliance: Constraints: Project Evaluation/Documentation: Include in the City Emergency Operations Plan. Protect life and property. Staffing availability. Report annually to the City Manager and City Council City of Rosemead Ha =ard Mitigation Plan 90 Flood Resource Directory The following resource directory lists the resources and programs that can assist county communities and organizations. The resource directory will provide contact information for local, county, regional, state, and federal programs that deal with natural hazards. County Resources Los Angeles County Public Works Department 900 S. Fremont Ave. Alhambra, CA 91803 Ph: 626 - 458 -5100 Sanitation Districts of Los Angeles County 1955 Workman Mill Road Whittier, CA 90607 Ph: 562- 699 -7411 x2301 State Resources California Emergency Management Agency (CALEMA) P.O. Box 419047 Rancho Cordova, CA 95741 -9047 Ph: 916 845- 8911 Fx: 916 845- 8910 California Resources Agency 1416 Ninth Street, Suite 1311 Sacramento, CA 95814 Ph: 916-653-5656 California Department of Water Resources (DWR) 1416 9th Street Sacramento, CA 95814 Ph: 916-653-6192 California Department of Conservation: Southern California Regional Office 655 S. Hope Street, #700 Los Angeles, CA 90017 -2321 Ph: 213-239-0878 Fx:213- 239 -0984 City of Rosemead Hazard Mitigation Plan 91 Federal Resources and Programs Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) FEMA provides maps of flood - hazard areas, various publications related to flood mitigation, funding for flood - mitigation projects, and technical assistance. FEMA also operates the National Flood Insurance Program. FEMA' s mission is to reduce loss of life and property and protect the nation's critical infrastructure from all types of hazards through a comprehensive, risk - based, emergency- management program of mitigation, preparedness, response, and recovery. Federal Emergency Management Agency, Region IX 1111 Broadway, Suite 1200 Oakland, CA 94607 Ph: 510- 627 -7100 Fx: 510- 627 -7112 Federal Emergency Management Agency, Mitigation Division 500 C Street, S.W. Washington, D.C. 20472 Ph: 202 - 566 -1600 FEMA's List of Flood-Related Websites This site contains a long list of flood - related Internet sites from American Heritage Rivers to The Weather Channel and is a good starting point for flood information on the Internet. Contact: Federal Emergency Management Agency, Phone: (800) 480 -2520 Website: http: / /www.fema.gov /nfip /related.htm National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP) In Southern California many cities lie in flood zones defined in FEMA Flood Maps. The City of Rosemead is a community not in a designated flood zone and does not actively participate in NFIP. Flood insurance is available to citizens in communities that adopt and implement NFIP building standards. The standards are applied to development that occurs in a delineated floodplain, a drainage - hazard area, and properties within 250 feet of a floodplain boundary. These areas are depicted on federal Flood Insurance Rate Maps available through the county. National Floodplain Insurance Program (NFIP) 500 C Street, S.W. Washington, D.C. 20472 Ph: 202 -566 -1600 The Floodplain Management Association The Floodplain Management website was established by the Floodplain Management Association (FMA) to serve the entire floodplain- management community. It includes full -text articles, a calendar of upcoming events, a list of positions available, an index of City of Rosemead Ha =ard Mitigation Plan 92 publications available free or at nominal cost, a list of associations, a list of firms and consultants in floodplain management, an index of newsletters dealing with flood issues (with hypertext links if available), a section on the basics of floodplain management, a list of frequently asked questions (FAQs) about the website, and a catalog of web links. Floodplain Management Association P.O. Box 50891 Sparks, NV 89435 -0891 Ph: 775-626-6389 Fx:775- 626 -6389 The Association of State Floodplain Managers ( ASFPM) The Association of State Floodplain Managers is an organization of professionals involved in floodplain management, flood - hazard mitigation, the National Flood Insurance Program, and flood preparedness, warning, and recovery. ASFPM fosters communication among those responsible for flood - hazard activities, provides technical advice to governments and other entities about proposed actions or policies that will affect flood hazards, and encourages flood - hazard research, education, and training. The ASFPM website includes information on how to become a member, the organization's constitution and bylaws, directories of officers and committees, a publications list, information on upcoming conferences, a history of the association, and other useful information and Internet links. Contact: The Association of State Floodplain Managers Address: 2809 Fish Hatchery Road, Madison, WI 53713 Phone: (608) 274 -0123 Website: http: / /www.floods,org National Weather Service The National Weather Service provides flood watches, warnings, and informational statements for rivers in the City of Rosemead. National Weather Service 520 North Elevar Street Oxnard, CA 93030 Ph: 805 -988- 6615 Office of Hydrology, National Weather Service The National Weather Service's Office of Hydrology (OH) and its Hydrological Information Center offer information on floods and other aquatic disasters. This site offers current and historical data including an archive of past flood summaries, information on current hydrologic conditions, water - supply outlooks, an Automated Local Flood Warning Systems Handbook, Natural Disaster Survey Reports, and other scientific publications on hydrology and flooding. National Weather Service, Office of Hydrologic Development 1325 East West Highway, SSMC2 Silver Spring, MD 20910 Ph: 301-713-1658 Fx:301- 713 -0963 City of Rosemead Hazard Mitigation Plan 93 National Resources Conservation Service (MRCS), US Department ofAgriculture NRCS provides a suite of federal programs designed to assist state and local governments and landowners in mitigating the impacts of flood events. The Watershed Surveys and Planning Program and the Small Watershed Program provide technical and financial assistance to help participants solve natural resource and related economic problems on a watershed basis. The Wetlands Reserve Program and the Flood Risk Reduction Program provide financial incentives to landowners to put aside land that is either a wetland resource or that experiences frequent flooding. The Emergency Watershed Protection Program (EWP) provides technical and financial assistance to clear debris from clogged waterways, restore vegetation, and stabilize riverbanks. The measures taken under EWP must be environmentally and economically sound and generally benefit more than one property. National Resources Conservation Service 14th and Independence Ave., SW, Room 5105 -A Washington, DC 20250 Ph: 202-720-7246 Fx:202- 720 -7690 USGS Water Resources This web page offers current U.S. water news; extensive current (including real -time) and historical water data; numerous fact sheets and other publications; various technical resources; descriptions of ongoing water -survey programs; local water information; and connections to other sources of water information. USGS Water Resources 6000 J Street Placer Hall Sacramento, CA 95819 -6129 Ph: 916- 278 -3000 Fx:916- 278 -3070 Bureau of Reclamation The mission of the Bureau of Reclamation is to manage, develop, and protect water and related resources in an environmentally and economically sound manner in the interest of the American public. The Bureau provides leadership and technical expertise in water - resources development and in the efficient use of water through initiatives including conservation, reuse, and research. It protects the public and the environment through the adequate maintenance and appropriate operation of reclamation's facilities and manages reclamation's facilities to fulfill water -user contracts and protect and /or enhance conditions for fish, wildlife, land, and cultural resources. Mid - Pacific Regional Office Federal Office Building 2800 Cottage Way Sacramento CA 95825 -1898 Ph: 916- 978 -5000 Fax 916- 978 -5599 City of Rosemead Hazard Mitigation Plan http://wwryv.usbr.gov/ Army Corps of Engineers The Corps of Engineers administers a permit program to ensure that the nation's waterways are used in the public interest. Any person, firm, or agency planning to work in waters of the United States must first obtain a permit from the Army Corps of Engineers. The Corps is responsible for the protection and development of the nation's water resources, including navigation, flood control, energy production through hydropower management, water - supply storage, and recreation. US Army Corps of Engineers P.O. Box 532711 Los Angeles CA 90053- 2325 Ph: 213 -452- 3921 Other National Resources American Public Works Association 2345 Grand Boulevard, Suite 500 Kansas City, MO 64108 -2641 Ph: 816-472-6100 Fx:816- 472 -1610 Publications NFIP Community Rating System Coordinator's Manual Indianapolis, IN. This informative brochure explains how the Community Rating System (CRS) works and what the benefits are to communities. It explains in detail the CRS point system, and what activities communities can pursue to earn points. These points then add up to the "rating" for the community, and flood - insurance - premium discounts are calculated based upon that rating. The brochure also provides a table on the percent discount realized for each rating (1 -10). Instructions on how to apply to be a CRS community are also included. Contact: NFIP Community Rating System Phone: (800) 480 -2520 or (317) 848 -2898 Website: http: / /www.fema.gov /nfip /crs Floodplain Management: A Local Floodplain Administrator's Guide to the NFIP This document discusses floodplain processes and terminology. It contains floodplain management and mitigation strategies, as well as information on the National Flood Insurance Program, Community Rating System, Community Assistance Visits, and floodplain development standards. Contact: National Flood Insurance Program Phone: (800) 480 -2520 Website: http://www.fema.gov/nfi of Rosemead Hazard Mitigation Plan 95 Flood Hazard Mitigation Planning: A Community Guide, (June 1997). Massachusetts Department of Environmental Management. This informative guide offers a 10 -step process for successful flood hazard mitigation. Steps include map hazards, determining potential damage areas, taking an inventory of facilities in the flood zone, determining what is or is not being done about flooding, identifying gaps in protection, brainstorming alternatives and actions, determining feasible actions, coordinating with others, prioritizing actions, developing strategies for implementation, and adopting and monitoring the plan. Contact: Massachusetts Flood Hazard Management Program Phone: (617) 626 -1250 Website: http:// www .magnetstate.ma.us /dem/l)rograms /mitigate Reducing Losses in High Risk Flood Hazard Areas: A Guidebook for Local Officials, (February 1987), FEMA -116 This guidebook offers a table on actions that communities can take to reduce flood losses. It also offers a table with sources for floodplain mapping assistance for the various types of flooding hazards. There is information on various types of flood hazards with regard to existing mitigation efforts and options for action (policy and programs, mapping, regulatory and non - regulatory). Types of flooding described include alluvial fan, areas behind levees, areas below unsafe dams, coastal flooding, flash floods, fluctuating lake - level floods, ground failure triggered by earthquakes, ice jam flooding, and mudslides. Contact: Federal Emergency Management Agency Phone: (800) 480 -2520 Website: httn: / /www.fema,gov City of Rosemead Hazard Mitigation Plan 96 Section 3: Windstorms Why are Severe Windstorms a Threat to the City of Rosemead? Severe windstorms pose a significant risk to life and property in the region by creating conditions that disrupt essential systems such as public utilities, telecommunications, and transportation routes. High winds can and do occasionally cause tornado -like damage to local homes and businesses. Severe windstorms can present a very destabilizing effect on the dry brush that covers local hillsides and urban wildland interface areas. High winds can have destructive impacts, especially to trees, power lines, and other utility services. Windstorm Characteristics in Southern California Santa Ana Winds and Tornado -Like Wind Activity: Based on local history, most incidents of high winds in the City of Rosemead are the result of the Santa Ana wind conditions. While high- impact incidents are not frequent in the area, significant Santa Ana wind events and sporadic tomado activity have been known to negatively impact the local community. What are Santa Ana Winds? Santa Ana winds are generally defined as warm, dry winds that blow from the east or northeast (offshore). These winds occur below the passes and canyons of the coastal ranges of Southern California and in the Los Angeles basin. Santa Ana winds often blow with exceptional speed in the Santa Ana Canyon (the canyon from which they may derive their name). Forecasters at the National Weather Service offices in Oxnard and San Diego usually place speed minimums on these winds and reserve the use of "Santa Ana" for winds greater than 25 knots. These winds accelerate to speeds of 35 knots as they move through canyons and passes, with gusts to 50 or even 60 knots. The complex topography of Southern California combined with various atmospheric conditions creates numerous scenarios that may cause widespread or isolated Santa Ana events. Commonly, Santa Ana winds develop when a region of high pressure builds over the Great Basin, the high plateau which is east of the Sierra Mountains and west of the Rocky Mountains and includes most of Nevada and Utah. Clockwise circulation around the center of this high pressure area forces air downslope from the high plateau. The air warms as it descends toward the California coast at the rate of 5 degrees Fahrenheit per 1000 feet due to compressional heating. Thus, compressional heating provides the primary source of warming. The air is dry since it originated in the desert, and it dries out even more as it is heated. These regional winds typically occur from October to March, and, according to most accounts. are named either for the Santa Ana River Valley where they originate or for the Santa Ana Canyon, southeast of Lost Angeles, where they pick up speed. City of Rosemead Hazard Mitigation Plan - 97 Tornados: Tornados are spawned when there is warm, moist air near the ground, cool air aloft, and winds that speed up and change direction. An obstruction in the path of the wind, such as a house, causes it to change direction. This change increases pressure on parts of the house, and the combination of increased pressures and fluctuating wind speeds creates stresses that frequently cause structural failures. Severe wind events are infrequent but possible in Los Angeles County. Waterspouts occur off the coast and several small tornados have occurred. One of the most serious tornados was a tornado that struck the City of Hawthorne on September 30, 1983. Roofs were torn off eight homes and sixty other homes were damaged. Three people were inj ured. Microbursts: Microbursts are strong, damaging winds which strike the ground and often give the impression a tornado has struck. They frequently occur during intense thunderstorms. The origin of a microburst is downward moving air from a thunderstorm's core. But unlike a tornado, they affect only a rather small area. Dry microburet I Wet mlcrobursl —M_e� __ _ -- _ ' ao— _ _ —__ �___ Lkga -AlIff f ] Pcr Dry miCmGUrar Oh tdry atliaballc lopse rase) Rain University of Chicago storm researcher Dr. Ted Fujita first coined the term "downburst" to describe strong, downdraft winds flowing out of a thunderstorm cell that he believed were responsible for the crash of Eastern Airlines Flight 66 in June of 1975. A downburst is a straight- direction surface wind in excess of 39 miles per hour caused by a small - scale, strong downdraft from the base of convective thundershowers and thunderstorms. During Dr. Fujita's investigations into the phenomena, he defined two sub - categories of downbursts: the larger macrobursts and small microbursts. Macrobursts are downbursts with winds up to 117 miles per hour which spread across a path greater than 2.5 miles wide at the surface and which last from 5 to 30 minutes. The microburst, on the other hand, is confined to an even smaller area, less than 2.5 miles in City of Rosemead Hazard Mitigation Plan 98 diameter from the initial point of downdraft impact. An intense microburst can result in damaging winds near 170 miles per hour and often lasts for less than five minutes. Contact Stage Outburst Stage it 1 I ��Ali� ,f . No�� Downbursts of all sizes descend from the upper regions of severe thunderstorms when the air accelerates downward through either exceptionally strong evaporative cooling or by very heavy rain, which drags dry air down with it. When the rapidly descending air strikes the ground, it spreads outward in all directions, like a fast - running faucet stream hitting the bottom of the sink. Cushion Stage Extreme wands i Cold Air 1, f Cushi d-- on�� CIdAlr When the microburst wind hits an object on the ground such as a house, garage, or tree, it can flatten the buildings and strip limbs and branches from the tree. After striking the ground, the powerful outward running gust can wreak further havoc along its path. Damage associated with a microburst is often mistaken for the work of a tornado, particularly directly under the microburst. However, damage patterns away from the impact area are characteristic of straight -line winds rather than the twisted pattern of tornado damage. Tornados, like those that occur every year in the Midwest and Southeast portions of the United States, are a rare phenomenon in most of California, with most tornado -like activity coming from microbursts. Local History of Windstorm Events: On December 1, 2011, a severe windstorm struck the West San Gabriel Valley. Thousands of trees and dozens of utility poles were toppled. Power was lost. Parts of City of Rosemead Hazard Maigalion Plan 99 Rosemead were without power for several days. City Hall operated by using an emergency generator. Windstorm Hazard Assessment Hazard Identification: A windstorm event in the region can range from short-term microburst activity lasting only minutes, to a long - duration Santa Ana wind condition which may last for several days, as was the case in a January 2003 Santa Ana wind event. Windstorms in the City of Rosemead and surrounding area can cause extensive damage, including the destruction of tree strands, road and highway infrastructure, and critical utility facilities. With this analysis of the high wind and tornado events, we can deduce the common windstorm impact areas including the effect on life, property, utilities, infrastructure, and transportation. Additionally, if a windstorm disrupts power to local residential communities, the American Red Cross and City resources might be called upon for care and shelter duties. Displacing residents and utilizing City resources for shelter staffing and disaster cleanup can cause an economic hardship on the community. Santa Ana Wind Illustration The illustration above shows the direction of the Santa Ana winds as they travel from the stable high- pressure weather system called the Great Basin High through the canyons and City of Rosemead Hazard Mitigation Plan 100 towards the low - pressure system off the Pacific. Clearly, the City of Rosemead is in the direct path of the ocean -bound Santa Ana winds. Community Windstorm Issues What is Susceptible to Windstorms? Life and Property: Based on the history of the region, windstorm events can be expected, perhaps annually, across widespread areas of the region. The City and surrounding region can be adversely impacted during a windstorm event. This can result in the involvement of the City of Rosemead's emergency response personnel during a wide- ranging windstorm or microbust tornadic activity. Both residential and commercial structures with weak reinforcement are susceptible to damage. Wind pressure can create a direct frontal assault on a structure, pushing walls, doors, and windows inward. Conversely, passing currents can create lift- suction forces that pull building components and surfaces outward. With extreme wind forces, the roof or entire building can fail, causing considerable damage. Debris carried along by extreme winds can contribute directly to loss of life and indirectly to the failure of protective building envelopes, siding, or walls. When severe windstorms strike a community, downed trees, power lines, and damaged property can be major hindrances to emergency response and disaster recovery. The Beaufort Scale, as illustrated below, shows the effect that varying wind speed can have on sea swells and structures: City of Rosemead Hazard Mitigation Plan 101 IBEAUFORT SCALE Beaufort Speed Wind Description - State of Sea - Effects on Land Force (mph) 0 Less 1 Calm - Mirror -like - Smoke rises vertically Light - Air Ripples look like scales; No crests of foam - Smoke drift shows 1 1 -3 direction of wind, but wind vanes do not Light Breeze - Small but pronounced wavelets; Crests do not break - Wind 2 4 7 vanes move; Leaves rustle; You can feel wind on the face Gentle Breeze - Large Wavelets; Crests break, Glassy foam; A few 3 8 -12 whitecaps - Leaves and small twigs move constantly; Small, light flags are extended 4 13 -18 Moderate Breeze - Longer waves; Whitecaps - Wind lifts dust and loose paper, Small branches move 5 19 -24 Fresh Breeze - Moderate, long waves; Many whitecaps; Some spray - Small trees with leaves begin to move 6 25 -31 Strong Breeze - Some large waves; Crests of white foam; Spray - Large branches move; Telegraph wires whistle; Hard to hold umbrellas 7 32 -38 Near Gale - White foam from breaking waves blows in streaks with the wind - Whole trees move, Resistance felt walking into wind Gale - Waves high and moderately long; Crests break into spin drift, 8 39-46 blowing foam in well marked streaks - Twigs and small branches break off trees, Difficult to walk 9 47 -54 Strong Gale - High waves with wave crests that tumble, Dense streaks of foam in wind, Poor visibility from spray - Slight structural damage Storm - Very high waves with long, curling crests; Sea surface appears 10 55 -63 white from blowing foam; Heavy tumbling of sea; Poor visibility - Trees broken or uprooted, Considerable structural damage Violent Storm - Waves high enough to hide small and medium sized ships; 11 64 -73 Sea covered with patches of white foam; Edges of wave crests blown into froth; Poor visibility - Seldom experienced inland; Considerable structural damage 12 ,74 Hurricane - Sea white with spray. Foam and spray render visibility almost non - existent - Widespread damage. Very rarely experienced on land. Source: http:// www. compuweather .corWdecoder- chms.html City of Rosemead Hazard Mitigation Plan 102 Utilities. Historically, falling trees have been the major cause of power outages in the region. Windstorms such as strong microbursts and Santa Ana wind conditions can cause flying debris and downed utility lines. For example, tree limbs breaking in winds of only 45 mph can be thrown over 75 feet. Because of this, overhead power lines can be damaged even in relatively minor windstorm events, and falling trees can bring electric power lines down to the pavement and create the possibility of lethal electric shock. Rising population growth and new infrastructure in the region creates a higher probability for damage to occur from windstorms as more life and property are exposed to risk. Infrastructure: Windstorms can damage buildings, power lines, and other property and infrastructure due to falling trees and branches. During wet winters, saturated soils cause trees to become less stable and more vulnerable to uprooting from high winds. Windstorms can result in collapsed or damaged buildings or blocked roads and bridges, damaged traffic signals, streetlights, and parks, among others. Roads blocked by fallen trees during a windstorm may have severe consequences to people who need access to emergency services. Emergency response operations can be complicated when roads are blocked or when power supplies are interrupted. Industry and commerce can suffer losses from interruptions in electric services and from extended road closures. They can also sustain direct losses to buildings, personnel, and other vital equipment. Windstorms have direct consequences on the local economy, related to both physical damages and interrupted services. Increased Fire Threat: Perhaps the greatest danger from windstorm activity in Southern California comes from the combination of the Santa Ana winds with the major fires that occur every few years in the urban/wildland interface. With the Santa Ana winds driving the flames, the speed and reach of the flames is even greater than in times of calm wind conditions. The higher fire hazard raised by a Santa Ana wind condition requires that even more care and attention be paid to proper brush clearances on property in the wildland/urban interface areas. Transportation: Windstorm activity can impact local transportation in addition to resulting in the problems caused by downed trees and electrical wires blocking streets and highways. During periods of extremely strong Santa Ana winds, major highways can be temporarily closed to truck and recreational vehicle traffic. However, these disruptions are typically not long - lasting, nor do they carry a severe long -term economic impact on the region. City of Rosemead Hazard Mitigation Plan 103 Existing Windstorm Mitigation Activities i i i i TALL ZCNE r — - — - — - - - — — — — — -- 60' (20m) i 15'(4.5m) MEDIUMZCNE ' 40'(12m) r -- — — - - - - - -, LOW ZONE 0' (15m OR LESS i HOUSE Possib le lhdergroud LnesLAWN _WALKA STREET As stated, one of the most common problems associated with windstorms is power outage. High winds commonly occur during winter storms and can cause tree limbs or even entire trees to bend, sag, or fail, coming into contact with nearby power lines. Fallen trees can cause short- circuiting and conductor overloading. Wind- induced damage to the power system causes power outages to customers, incurs cost to make repairs, and in some cases can lead to ignitions that start wildland fires. One of the strongest and most widespread existing mitigation strategies pertains to tree clearance. Currently, California State Law requires utility companies to maintain specific clearances (depending on the type of voltage running through the line) between electric power lines and all vegetation. Enforcement of the following California Public Resource Code Sections provides guidance on tree pruning regulations: 4293: Power Line Clearance Required 4292: Power Line Hazard Reduction 4291: Reduction of Fire Hazards around Buildings 4171: Public Nuisances The following pertain to tree pruning regulations and are taken from the California Code of Regulations: Title 14: Minimum Clearance Provisions Sections: 1250 — 1258 General Industry Safety Orders Title 8: Group 3: Articles 12, 13, 36, 37, 38 California Penal Code: Section 385 City of Rosemead Hazard Mitigation Plan 104 Finally, the following California Public Utilities commission section has additional guidance: California Public Utilities Commission General Order 95: Rule 35 Homeowner Liability: Failure to allow a utility company to comply with the law can result in liability to the homeowner for damages or injuries resulting from a vegetation hazard. Many insurance companies do not cover these types of damages if the policy owner has refused to allow the hazard to be eliminated. The power companies, in compliance with the above regulations, collect data about tree failures and their impact on power lines. This mitigation strategy assists the power company in preventing future tree failures. From the collection of this data, the power company can advise residents as to the most appropriate vegetative planting and pruning procedures. The local electric utility, Southern California Edison, provides extensive information on trees and power lines at their website: www:sce.com. Windstorm Mitigation Action Items The windstorm mitigation action items provide direction on specific activities that organizations and residents in the City of Rosemead can undertake to reduce risk and prevent loss from windstorm events. Each action item is followed by ideas for implementation, which can be used by the Hazard Mitigation Planning Committee and local decision makers in pursuing strategies for implementation. Short - Term — Windstorm #1: Provide public warning during periods when high winds are forecast for the area. Coordination: Public Safety Coordinator Timeline: Ongoing City of Rosemead Hazard Mitigation Plan 105 Implementation: Goal Compliance: Constraints: Plan Evaluation/Documentation: Provide warnings on the City website. Provide service announcements to the media. Enhance public safety Staffing availability Report annually to the City Council, City Manager Long -Term— Windstorm #1: Assist private property owners regarding windstorm mitigation activities. Coordination: Timeline: Implementation: Goal Compliance: Constraints: Plan Evaluation/Documentation: Public Works and the Public Safety Coordinator Ongoing Provide information on the City website about annual tree maintenance programs to limit damage from falling debris, including tree trimming and debris removal. Provide information on the City website regarding property protection strategies to limit damage from windstorms. Enhance public safety Pending funding and available personnel Report annually to the City Council, City Manager Long -Term— Windstorm # 2: Upgrade the current utility pole system in the City. Many of the utility poles in the City are over 20 years old. Develop a plan to inspect and replace aging poles. Coordination: Public Works and So. Cal Edison Timeline: Annual City of Rosemead Hazard Mitigation Plan 106 Implementation: Continue annual inspections. Restore /replace any worn or damaged power poles. Goal Compliance: Partnerships and Implementation, Protect Life and Property Constraints: Pending funding and available personnel Plan Evaluation/Documentation: Report annually to the City Council, City Manager City of Rosemead Ha=ard Mitigation Plan 107 Windstorm Resource Directory State Resources California Division of Forestry & Fire Protection 1416 9th Street ' • 6 2EY MA* Sacramento California 94244 -2460 (916) 653 -5123 http://www.fire.ca.gov/php/index.php Federal Resources and Programs National Weather Service Los Angeles /Oxnard Weather Forecast Office 520 North Elevar Street Oxnard, CA 93030 Forecast and weather info: (805) 988 -6610 Administrative issues: (805) 988 -6615 E -mail: Webmaster.LOX @noaa.gov http://weather.noaa.gov/ Additional Resources International Society of Arboriculture P.O. Box 3129 Champaign, IL 61826 -3129 Phone: (217) 355-9411 Fax: (217) 355 -9516 Web: www.isa- arbor.com E -mail: isa @isa- arbor.com Publications WINDSTORMS: Protect Your Family and Property from the Hazards of Violent Windstorms http://emd.wa.gov/5-prep/tmg/pubed/Windstrm.pdf Preparing Your Home for Severe Windstorms is available from http: / /ww-w.chubb.com/ personal /html /helpful_ tips_home_windstorm.html City of Rosemead Hazard Mitigation Plan 108 Part III: Appendices Appendix A: Benefit Cost Analysis Economic Analysis of Natural- Hazard - Mitigation Projects Benefit /cost analysis is a key mechanism used by CaIEMA, the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA), and other state and federal agencies in evaluating hazard - mitigation projects, and is required by the Robert T. Stafford Disaster Relief and Emergency Assistance Act, Public Law 93 -288, as amended. This appendix outlines several approaches for conducting economic analyses of natural - hazard- mitigation projects. It describes the importance of implementing mitigation activities, different approaches to economic analysis of mitigation strategies, and methods to calculate costs and benefits associated with mitigation strategies. Information in this section is derived in part from The Interagency Hazards Mitigation Team, State Hazard Mitigation Plan, (Oregon State Police, Office of Emergency Management, 2000), and Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) Publication 331, Report on Costs and Benefits of Natural Hazard Mitigation. This section is not intended to provide a comprehensive description of benefit/cost analysis, nor is it intended to provide the details of economic - analysis methods that can be used to evaluate local projects. It is intended to (1) raise benefit/cost analysis as an important issue, and (2) provide some background on how economic analysis can be used to evaluate mitigation projects. Why Evaluate Mitigation Strategies? Mitigation activities reduce the cost of disasters by minimizing property damage, injuries, and the potential for loss of life, and by reducing emergency response costs, which would otherwise be incurred. Evaluating hazard mitigation provides decision makers with an understanding of the potential benefits and costs of an activity, as well as a basis on which to compare alternative projects. Evaluating mitigation projects is a complex and difficult undertaking that is influenced by many variables. First, natural disasters affect all segments of the community including individuals, businesses, and public services such as fire, police, utilities, and schools. Second, although some of the direct and indirect costs of disaster damages are measurable, some of the costs are nonfinancial and difficult to quantify in dollars. Third, many of the impacts of such events produce "ripple- effects" throughout the community, greatly increasing the disaster's social and economic consequences. City of Rosemead Hazard Mitigation Plan 109 Economic - Analysis Approaches The approaches used to identify the costs and benefits associated with hazard mitigation strategies, measures, or projects fall into two general categories: benefit/cost analysis and cost - effectiveness analysis. The distinction between the two methods is the way in which the relative costs and benefits are measured. Additionally, there are varying approaches to assessing the value of mitigation for public - sector and private- sector activities. Benefit /Cost Analysis Benefit/cost analysis is used to show whether the benefits to life and property protected through mitigation efforts exceed the cost of the mitigation activity. Conducting benefit/cost analysis for a mitigation activity can assist communities in determining whether a project is worth undertaking now, in order to avoid disaster - related damages later. Benefit /cost analysis is based on calculating the frequency and severity of a hazard and avoiding future damages and risk. In benefit/cost analysis, all costs and benefits are evaluated in terms of dollars, and a net benefit/cost ratio is computed to determine whether a project should be implemented (i.e., if net benefits exceed net costs, the project is worth pursuing). A project must have a benefit/cost ratio greater than 1 in order to be funded. Cost - Effectiveness Analysis Cost - effectiveness analysis evaluates how best to spend a given amount of money to achieve a specific goal. This type of analysis, however, does not necessarily measure costs and benefits in terms of dollars. Determining the economic feasibility of mitigating natural hazards can also be organized according to the perspective of those with an economic interest in the outcome. Hence, economic - analysis approaches are covered for both public and private sectors as follows. Investing in public- sector mitigation activities. Evaluating mitigation strategies in the public sector is complicated because it involves estimating all of the economic benefits and costs regardless of who realizes them, potentially by a large number of people and economic entities. Some benefits cannot be evaluated monetarily, but still affect the public in profound ways. Economists have developed methods to evaluate the economic feasibility of public decisions that involve a diverse set of beneficiaries and nonmarket benefits. Investing in private- sector mitigation activities. Private - sector mitigation projects may occur on the basis of one of two approaches: it may be mandated by a regulation or standard, or it may be economically justified on its own merits. Whether a private entity or a public agency, a building or landowner required to conform to a mandated standard may consider the following options: 1. Request cost sharing from public agencies; 2. Dispose of the building or land either by sale or demolition; City of Rosemead Hazard Mitigation Plan 110 3. Change the designated use of the building or land and change the hazard- mitigation compliance requirement; or 4. Evaluate the most feasible alternatives and initiate the most cost- effective hazard - mitigation alternative. The sale of a building or land triggers another set of concerns. For example, real estate disclosure laws can be developed that require sellers of real property to disclose known defects and deficiencies in the property, including earthquake weaknesses and hazards, to prospective purchasers. Correcting deficiencies can be expensive and time consuming, but their existence can prevent the sale of the building. Conditions of a sale regarding the deficiencies and the price of the building can be negotiated between a buyer and seller. Conducting an Analysis Benefit/cost analysis and cost - effectiveness analysis are important tools in evaluating whether to implement a mitigation activity. A framework for evaluating alternative mitigation activities is outlined below: 1. Identify the alternatives: Alternatives for reducing risk from natural hazards can include structural projects to enhance disaster resistance, education and outreach, and acquisition or demolition of exposed properties; among others. Different mitigation projects can assist in minimizing risk to natural hazards, but do so at varying economic costs. 2. Calculate the costs and benefits: Choosing economic criteria is essential to systematically calculating costs and benefits of mitigation projects and selecting the most appropriate alternative. Potential economic criteria to evaluate alternatives include the following: Determine the project cost. This may include initial project - development costs, and repair and operating costs of maintaining projects over time. Estimate the benefits. Projecting the benefits, or cash flow resulting from a project, can be difficult. Expected future returns from the mitigation effort depend on the correct specification of the risk and the effectiveness of the project, which may not be well known. Expected future costs depend on the physical durability and potential economic obsolescence of the investment. This is difficult to project. These considerations will also provide guidance in selecting an appropriate salvage value. Future tax structures and rates must be projected. Financing alternatives must be researched, and they may include retained earnings, bond and stock issues, and commercial loans. • Consider costs and benefits to society and the environment. These are not easily measured, but can be assessed through a variety of economic tools including existence -value or contingent -value theories. These theories provide quantitative data on the value people attribute to physical or social environments. Even without hard City of Rosemead Hazard Mitigation Plan 111 data, however, impacts of structural projects to the physical environment or to society should be considered when implementing mitigation projects. Determine the correct discount rate. Determination of the discount rate can just be the risk -free cost of capital, but it may include the decision maker's time preference and also a risk premium. Inflation should also be considered for inclusion. 3. Analyze and rank the alternatives: Once costs and benefits have been quantified, economic - analysis tools can rank the alternatives. Two methods for determining the best alternative given varying costs and benefits include net present value and internal rate of return. • Net present value. Net present value is the value of the expected future returns of an investment minus the value of expected future cost expressed in today's dollars. If the net present value is greater than the project costs, the project may be determined to be feasible for implementation. Selecting the discount rate, and identifying the present and future costs and benefits of the project calculates the net present value of projects. Internal rate of return. Using the internal- rate -of -retum method to evaluate mitigation projects provides the interest -rate equivalent to the dollar returns expected from the project. Once the rate has been calculated, it can be compared to rates earned by investing in alternative projects. Projects may be feasible to implement when the internal rate of return is greater than the total costs of the project. Once mitigation projects are ranked on the basis of economic criteria, decision makers can consider other factors, such as risk; project effectiveness; and economic, environmental, and social returns in choosing the appropriate project for implementation. Economic Returns of Hazard Mitigation The estimation of economic returns that accrue to buildings or landowners as a result of natural - hazard mitigation is difficult. Owners evaluating the economic feasibility of mitigation should consider reductions in physical damages and financial losses. A partial list follows: • Building damages avoided • Content damages avoided • Inventory damages avoided • Rental - income losses avoided • Relocation and disruption expenses avoided • Proprietor's income losses avoided These parameters can be estimated using observed prices, costs, and engineering data. The difficult part is to correctly determine the effectiveness of the hazard- mitigation project and the resulting reduction in damages and losses. Equally as difficult is assessing the probability that an event will occur. The damages and losses should only include those that will be borne by the owner. The salvage value of the investment can be City of Rosemead Hazard Mitigation Plan 112 important in determining economic feasibility. Salvage value becomes more important as the time horizon of the owner declines. This is important because most businesses depreciate assets over a period of time. Related Costs from Natural Hazards Property owners should also assess changes in a broader set of factors that can change as a result of a large natural disaster. These are usually termed "indirect" effects, but they can have a very direct effect on the economic value of the owner's building or land. They can be positive or negative, and include changes in the following: • Commodity and resource prices • Availability of resource supplies • Commodity- and resource -demand changes • Building and land values • Capital availability and interest rates • Availability of labor • Economic structure • Infrastructure • Regional exports and imports • Local, state, and national regulations and policies • Insurance availability and rates Changes in the resources and industries listed above are more difficult to estimate and require models that are structured to estimate total economic impacts. Total economic impacts are the sum of direct and indirect economic impacts. Total - economic - impact models are usually not combined with economic - feasibility models. Many models exist to estimate total economic impacts of changes in an economy. Decision makers should understand the total economic impacts of natural disasters in order to calculate the benefits of a mitigation activity. This suggests that understanding the local economy is an important first step in being able to understand the potential impacts of a disaster, and the benefits of mitigation activities. Additional Considerations Conducting an economic analysis for potential mitigation activities can assist decision makers in choosing the most appropriate strategy for their community to reduce risk and prevent loss from natural hazards. Economic analysis can also save time and resources from being spent on inappropriate or unfeasible projects. Several resources and models are listed on the following page that can assist in conducting an economic analysis for natural - hazard- mitigation activities. Benefit/cost analysis is complicated, and the numbers may divert attention from other important issues. It is important to consider the qualitative factors of a project associated with mitigation that cannot be evaluated economically. There are alternative approaches to implementing mitigation projects. City of Rosemead Hazard Mitigation Plan 113 Many communities are looking toward developing multi- objective projects. The multi - objective strategy can integrate natural - hazard mitigation with projects related to watersheds, environmental planning, community economic development, and small - business development, among others. Incorporating natural - hazard mitigation with other community projects can increase the viability of project implementation. City of Rosemead Hazard Mitigation Plan 114 STAPLEE Worksheets Goals: City of Rosemead Objectives: General Hazard Mitigation Action Items City of Rosemead Hazard Mitigation Plan 115 I�Oi39ls3 palglm� • . • si �J I4saw�3/P3 s a�vo•� � qC•A 3'+i313S� "' � •+IS•s•M1tlWZYN ° W 3AY3 •ro •ro •a •ro panfagw7m 3'nY1 •/° •ro •N •/� M .rlwNy ra • . w &17mf•P%3C0 ^ o 9KP yl �)wolr{ptm,7 - C ° •°vats w» - . Po IDa7 RYVUg1 � alawal�+�x3 AtsogPy�6 ° sacaea�D .� be p3ePaWryy - - Q X11 � W3CAq ?+17ts! E � svRq ArrF°a5 AlIlQ4saJ R'JpV•1 + + + - 9 N V ptwaR5w P3Y3 + + +` + ° 1aialibaN AP�7 + + + + 6TH V. City of Rosemead Hazard Mitigation Plan 115 Goals: City of Rosemead Objectives: Short- and Long -Term Earthquake Action Items City of Rosemead Hazard Mitigation Plan 116 S T A P L E E STAPLEE Criteria Social (Technical) Administrative Political (Legal) Economic Environmental Considerations t e Y D a b s o f for tl E e[ Alternative a 6➢ # 5 3 E t . E s g a§ e Y E g E Actions 5 0 o L a E g a �9 3 6= % 8 ? °a a° 5 6 8 b y E,° 8� 3 g e o STE #1 + + + c 2 STE #2 STE #3 + + + i -a + STEif4 + + • _ LTE #1 + LTE #2 + + + 2 2 2 2 + + + + LTE #3 LTE#4 + + + 2 • 2 T City of Rosemead Hazard Mitigation Plan 116 Goals: City of Rosemead Objectives: Short- and Long -Term Flood Action Items City of Rosemead Hazard Mitigation Plan 117 S T A P L E E STAPLEE Criteria (Social) (Technical) (Administrative) (Political) (legal) (Economic) (Environmental) Consideration s L o € — � for A a 66 °a o a � e. `tl1 a e� e 8< L 9 6 < n '� �>' 6II a o8 v° Fi3 E Alternative . u 5o E 5° O 6 E 6 s Actions i 6 8 y a 6 S B i g s 6 n 8 5° e 4. 4 6 = 8 9 n S d¢ 7° F i STF #1 + + + 2 le 2 STF #2 + + + T 2 STF #3 + + $ STF#4 + + + i z LTF#1 + + + LTF#2 + + + a City of Rosemead Hazard Mitigation Plan 117 Goals: City of Rosemead Objectives: Short- and Long -Term Windstorm Action Items City of Rosemead Hazard Mitigation Plan 118 5 T A P L E E STAPLEE Criteria (Social) (Technical) (Administrative) (Political) (Legal) (Economic) (Emlronmental) Considerations e `° � G for e 0 ° to a y Alternative u �fi x ' z ;g 6j °n Actions, a 68 y L 6 is vg a e : nB !a Du v `° y $ 6 5 s 9 9 $ e i sTwai + + + + + + m o m + + LTw#1 + + + + + + + + + + + + A A + + + + + + + + + + + + + N M N + + LTW#i2 C C C City of Rosemead Hazard Mitigation Plan 118 Resources CUREe Kajima Project, Methodologies For Evaluating The Socio- Economic Consequences Of Large Earthquakes, Task 7.2 Economic Impact Analysis, Prepared by University of California, Berkeley Team, Robert A. Olson, VSP Associates, Team Leader; John M. Eidinger, G &E Engineering Systems; Kenneth A. Goettel, Goettel and Associates Inc.; and Gerald L. Horner, Hazard Mitigation Economics Inc., 1997. Federal Emergency Management Agency, Benefit/Cost Analysis of Hazard Mitigation Projects, Riverine Flood, Version 1.05, Hazard Mitigation Economics Inc., 1996. Federal Emergency Management Agency Report on Costs and Benefits of Natural Hazard Mitigation. Publication 331, 1996. Goettel & Horner Inc., Earthquake Risk Analysis Volume III: The Economic Feasibility of Seismic Rehabilitation of Buildings in The City of Portland, Submitted to the Bureau of Buildings, City of Portland, August 30, 1995. Goettel & Horner Inc., Benefit/Cost Analysis of Hazard Mitigation Projects Volume V, Earthquakes, Prepared for FEMA's Hazard Mitigation Branch, October 25, 1995. Horner, Gerald, Benefit/Cost Methodologies for Use in Evaluating the Cost Effectiveness of Proposed Hazard Mitigation Measures, Robert Olson Associates, Prepared for Oregon State Police, Office of Emergency Management, July 1999. Interagency Hazards Mitigation Team, State Hazard Mitigation Plan, (Oregon State Police — Office of Emergency Management, 2000). Risk Management Solutions, Inc., Development of a Standardized Earthquake Loss Estimation Methodology, National Institute of Building Sciences, Volume I and II, 1994. VSP Associates, Inc., A Benefit /Cost Model for the Seismic Rehabilitation of Buildings, Volumes 1 & 2, Federal Emergency Management Agency, FEMA, Publication Numbers 227 and 228, 1991. VSP Associates, Inc., Benefit/Cost Analysis of Hazard Mitigation Projects: Section 404 Hazard Mitigation Program and Section 406 Public Assistance Program, Volume 3: Seismic Hazard Mitigation Projects, 1993. VSP Associates, Inc., Seismic Rehabilitation of Federal Buildings: A Benefit/Cost Model, Volume 1, Federal Emergency Management Agency, FEMA, Publication Number 255, 1994. City of Rosemead Hazard Mitigation Plan 119 Appendix B: Public Outreach Disaster and Emergency Committee Meeting Public Safety Center EOC Room September 30, 2010 AGENDA I. Welcome II. Emergency Service card (EOC staff) update III. OARRS (Operational Area Response and Recovery System) to replace EMIS • Trained and to be able to log into system — Linda, Janet, and Mandy • PIOs are required —Aileen and Gloria IV. NimCast (Homeland Security) RoILUp — Sept. 23, 2010 • IS -701 NIMS Multiagency Coordination Systems training (6) • IS -702 NIMS Public Information training (2) Aileen/Gloria • IS -703 NIMS Resource Management training (5) John/Marty /Sandy /Rachel • IS-704 NIMS Communication and Information Management training (2) Ray/Wayne V. LECMgt Consultant — Local Hazard Mitigation Plan (DMA2K) • Roger Mason • $5,000.00 City of Rosemead Hazard Mitigation Plan 120 VI. Section Staff trainings/meetings • Planning Intelligence : Created the runner and message form : Created the Resource and Tracking Request form : Created the Action Plan template and reviewed the power point : Created the status board template • Finance POs — Jackle/Steve B. : Reviewed forms from FEMA Created a sign -in sheet — Araceli In service all FT /PT staff on Disaster Sign -In sheet — Araceli, Nancy & Mandy Logistics : Pictures of all City's facilities — Damien Inventory of City's equipment and supplies list - Sandy, Rachel, & Marty : Part-time staff (P &R) work site list — Jean Transportation Plan (Rosemead Explorer) — Silvia : Water contact list — John Scott : Authorization form (personal phone) — Su • Operations Property Damage assessment Forms —Jim : Radio Communication System (schools) — Ray : PW field staff disaster / omergency response callout list and site locations — Bill • Management : Revised the Emergency Preparedness Policy Manual for EOC staff Revised the resolutionstproclamation of declaration of an emergency • Mass Care and Shelter : Created a plan for long and short term facilities Cathy Sproule, American Red Cross Mass Care Manager Jim Curiel, Risk Manager, Don Bosco Tech VII. Draft of the Functional Exercise Drill — December 9, 2010 VIII. Next meeting: Wednesday, November 24, 2010 at 10:00 a.m. City of Rosemead Hazard Mitigation Plan 121 Disaster and Emergency Committee Meeting Public Safety Center EOC Room August 25, 2011 AGENDA Welcome II. Special Needs Awareness Planning (SNAP) • httpJ /snap.lacounty.gov III. Emergency Access Pass • Command Post • EOC • Disaster Worker (Field Staff, CERT, Volunteers) • Critical Business IV. NimCast (Homeland Security) Roll•Up — Due Sept. 9, 2011 • IS -701 NIMS Multiagency Coordination Systems training (2) Ray /Mandy • IS -702 NIMS Public Information training (2) Aileen/Gloria • IS -703 NIMS Resource Management training (6) John/Marty /Sandy/ RacheVMonday /Jean • IS -704 NIMS Communication and Information Management training (2) Ray/Wayne V. Local Hazard Mitigation Plan (DMA2K) UPDATE • Cal EMA— approved in April 2011 • FEMA — waiting for approval • Council — approval upon Cal EMA and FEMA VI. American Red Cross MOU /Contract Agreement Update - Potential Sheltering Sites VII. Mobile Park Home Emergency Plan VIII. Emergency Communication — Ham Operators IX. Great Shake Out — October 20 @ 10:20 am X. Next meeting: TBD City of Rosemead Hazard Mitigation Plan 122 Appendix C: Potential Grant Funding • Beloware, some usefuiresouromforaddidonal gram funding turf the citymight want to consider apPM>✓Dfar In ochiewng its mitigation goofs and objectives GRANTNAME AGENCY PURPOSE CONTACT Pre4)baster U.S. Department of Topronode tuMingforStare% andoatmurrides forcost- FEIVA Migration Prorpom Homeland Security effective heard matigaton activities which mmplemem 500 C. Street, Sly (POM) Federal Emergency a comprehensive hatard mitigation program and reduce Washington, DC W472 to improve emergency management pWmming. Management Agency injuries, loss of life, and damage and deconstruction of Phone: (202)6464621 preparedness, mitigation, response and recovery (FEMA) property. - vrvmfemazoV HaaontAbapabon U.S. Department of To prevent future losses of lives and property due to FEMA Grit PMV,= Homeland Security, disasters; ono "Ment State and local hazard Soo C. Street, SW decent housing and a suitable living environment Federal Emergency mitigation plead; W enable midgution meamoes to be Was vungton, DC 20472 Prbgpagy for lwMOmoderate income individuals. Management Agency implemented during immediate recovery from disasters; Phone: (202)6464621 • (FEMA) and to provide funding for previously identified wow- ferraxov www.hudrew mitigation measures a benefit the disaster arm. US Department of FloodM/bgoao U.S. Department of Tohelpstates andconemmivesplanandcarryout FEW AsshroreProgrmn Homeland Security, activities designed to reduce the risk of flood damage to 500 C. Street, SW (Rim Federal Emergency structures insurable under NHP. Washington, DC ZD472 disasters or emergencies declared by the President. Management Agency Phone: (202)6464621 Under Section 406. Public Assistance funds may be used (FEMA) www.fem's Repetitive Rood claims US Department of To assist States and communities and reduce flood FEMA PMFM (RFC) Homeland Security, damages to insured properties that have had one or 500 C. Street, SW damaged by hood, extraordinary wind,%lave or water Federal Emergency morectaisto NFiP. Washington, DC 20472 action Management Agency Phone: (202)6464621 (FEMA) Emergency Watershed www.ferr I Severe Repetitive Loss US Department of To provide funding ro reduce or eliminate the long -term FEMA (SRI) Pragrum Homeland Security, risk of flood damage to severe repetitive lass structures 500 C. Street, SW prevent sod erosion to safeguard life and property. Federal Emergency armed under the NHP. Washington, DC 20472 City of Rosemead Hazard Mitigation Plan 123 Management Agency Phone: 1202)646-4621 (FEMA) www.fen , Emergency US Department of To encourage the development of comprehensive FEMA 11,207GO nent Homeland Security, emergency management at the State and local level and 500 C. Street, SW Perfomrmrce Grants Federal Emergency to improve emergency management pWmming. Washington, DC 20472 (EMFG) Managernent Agency preparedness, mitigation, response and recovery Ptwe: (202)646-4621 (FEMA) capabilities. www-fenvl Community U.S. Department of To develop viable urban communities by providing HUD Development Grant Housing and Urban decent housing and a suitable living environment 4517° Street, SW Progrorn(CDBo Development Prbgpagy for lwMOmoderate income individuals. Washington. DC 20410 -70DO • Phone: 1202)70&3587 www.hudrew Public Assistance US Department of To provide supplemental assistance W States, local FEW R09T07" (PAI. Homeland Security, gv+mvnents, and certain nonprofit orgaramdoruto 504 C. Street, SW Federal Emergency alleviate suffering and hardship resulting from major WashirVon, DC 20472 Management Agency disasters or emergencies declared by the President. Phone: (202)6464621 (FENIA) Under Section 406. Public Assistance funds may be used w - Ienazav to midgare the impact of flame disasters. Flood cormW US Department of To assist in the repairs and restoration of public works USACE Worls/Emergency Defuse, Array Corps of damaged by hood, extraordinary wind,%lave or water 20 Massachusetts Avenue, NW RehobiLtatio Engineers action Washington, DC 20314 Phone:(202)761 -OOM wwwmsaceamrv.md Emergency Watershed U.S. Department of To provide emergency technical and financial assisame NRCS Projection Agriculture, Natural m install m repair o u es that reduce runoff and PO Box 2890 Resource Conservation prevent sod erosion to safeguard life and property. Washington, DC 20013 Service Phone: 1202)720 -3527 1nVlwnrrSUSda.gaY City of Rosemead Hazard Mitigation Plan 123 Watershed Protection U.S. Department at To provide teami®I and financial a5sstace in planning NRCS and FloodVrevemion Agriculture , Natural and weaning works of improvemerrt to WoMM PO Box 2890 Naronotfarthpoake Rewurce Conservation develop, and use of land and water resources in small Washington, DC 20013 florords Reduction Service watersheds. Phone: (202)720 -3527 Pmgram(HEHERP) Federal Emergency assessments essential for warning of imminent www.nr¢usdaeov tordand Water US. Department ofthe To acquire and develop outdoor recreation areas and HIPS Comevvotion Fund Interior, National Park facilities for the general public, to meet current and PO Box 37217 Giants Service future needs. Washington, DC 2W13 -7127 Wighters Gran Homeland Security, assurance, on a competitive basis, to fire departments Phone: 1202)565-1200 www -nom gw Oisastar w9ation US Department of To help States and localities to develop and/or EVA and Technical commerce, Economic imoomem a variety of disaster mitigation strategies_ Herbert C. Hoover Building AssismaccGmna Development fine-related hazards. Washington, DC 20230 Yoe Nlunagement Admaustrauon To provide Project grams and the provision of Phone: (800)3453222 Asdstance Gmnts Homeland Securhy, specialized services for the mitigation, managemem, and www.edasov Fine-0isaster US Small Brabes To crake osv-imerat fated now loans 69ble for small SBA NLtigation Loan Admmatration businesses for the purpose of implementing mitigation 1130Vermom Avenue,MV,9° Program (FEMA) measures to protect bushes property from damage Floor Emergency US. Dep. I nem of that may be mused by fume disasters. Washington, DC 20005 Snambonk and Defense, Amry Corps of emergency construction or repair of streambank and Phone: (202) 6064000 www.sba.ew Watershed Surveys U.S. Department of To provide panning assistance o Federal, state and NR(S and Planning Agtculture, Natural loml agenciesforthe developments coorcirnatlon of PO Box 2890 Resource Conservation water and related land resources and programs in Washington, DC 20013 Small Flood Cannot Service watersheds and river basins. Phone: (202) 720 -3527 Projects Defense, Army Corps of projects not specifically authorized by Congress. www.nnmusdaew Clan Water Art US Ewbonmesnal To tsolement non- point source programs, reducing EPA Secdon 319Groms Protection Agency support for the romsacrmral watershed resource Ariel Rios Buikbng remotion activities. 3200 Pennsylvania Avenue, NW City of Rosemead Hazard Mitigation Plan 124 Washington. DC 20460 Phone: (202)272 -0167 www.eaastw Naronotfarthpoake US. Department of - To mitigate earthquake losses that can occur In merry FEMA florords Reduction Homeland Security, parts of the notion, providing earth science data and 500 C. Street, SW Pmgram(HEHERP) Federal Emergency assessments essential for warning of imminent Washington, DC 20672 Managemem Agency damaging earthquakes, land-use planning, engineering Phone: (202)64&4621 (FEMA) desigt, and emergency preparedness decisiom. wwwfenaEw Assistance to U.S. Department of Competitively awarded project gars o provide direct FEMA Wighters Gran Homeland Security, assurance, on a competitive basis, to fire departments 500 C. Street, SW - Federal Emergency for the purpose of psotttvng the health and safety of Washington, DC 20472 ManagarcmAgency the public and firefighting pensomet against fire and Phone: (20216464621 (FEMA) fine-related hazards. www.fenas!w Yoe Nlunagement U.S. Department of To provide Project grams and the provision of FEMA Asdstance Gmnts Homeland Securhy, specialized services for the mitigation, managemem, and 500f Street, SW Federal Emergency control of foes thwtthreatens such destnttxon as would Washington, DC 20472 Management Agency constitute a major disaster. Phone: (202)6464621 (FEMA) www.ferrasrov Emergency US. Dep. I nem of To prevent emsion damages to public facilities by the USACE Snambonk and Defense, Amry Corps of emergency construction or repair of streambank and 20 Massacusetts Avenue, NW Shweae Prorecdan Engineers shoneine protection works. Washington, DC 20314 Phone: (202)761-0001 vrvuw.usaceammurdl Small Flood Cannot U.S. Department of To reduce flood damages through small flood control USACE Projects Defense, Army Corps of projects not specifically authorized by Congress. 20 Massadmetts Avenue, NW Engineers Washington, DC 20314 Phone: (202)761-M Mimtlsaceamm.ma City of Rosemead Hazard Mitigation Plan 124 Opportunities for Private Funding External grant funding is problematic. The City has no central grants administrator. One of the largest government grants, the $100,000 COPS law enforcement grant, has not been renewed by the State of California. Reductions in staff make seeking grants and administrating them very difficult. External grant funding from private sources has slowed significantly with the recession. The only outside grant for Rosemead came from the San Gabriel/ Los Angeles Rivers and Mountains Conservancy for a new City park. Corporate givers and foundation grant - makers have been adversely affected by the economic downturn that began in 2008. While giving has flattened out or slightly risen since the sharp initial drop in 2008, it has not yet recovered to pre- recession levels. This general trend applies on a national level and also describes grant- making by foundations based in Los Angeles County. City of Rosemead Hazard Mitigation Plan 125 strategies to mitigate the effects of recurrent natural dlostes. Phone: [202)245-0961 Rural FireA.ssularroe Fish and wildlife To implement Vie National Fire Plan by increasing US Department of Health and (RFA_ Service firefighter safety and enhancing the knowledge and lire Human Services Corrdmodon And (USDA) protection capability of rural and vdumeerfre 200 independence Avenue, SW Spot departments by providing basic void land firefighting Washington, DC 20201 supplies and equipment. HHH Balding Grants.gov where such activity is limited in scope and intensity. vnnarsrarrts.cov FY12TSAR -VW US Department of To integrate Medical, pudic Health, Preparedness and US Department of Health and Continuation Health and Human Response tabling with registration ofValunteer Health Human Services Services Professionals Me of the Assistant Secretary for Pre4paredres and Response 395 E St., SW suite 1075 Washington, DC 20201 Phone: (202)245-0961 FY 2012 Disaster Wiej Economic Development The EAA program provides recipients with flexible tools Seattle Regional Office oppouaatity Administration to develop and implement regionally based long term Jatkwn Federal Building ecwsomic development stategies in response to major 915 Second Avenue, Room 1890 Federally declared disasters. Through this program, EDA SeaMe,WA 98174 on support the development of disaster recovery Phone: (20(51220.7699 strategies and recovery implementation, Inducting Infrastructure irnprovemests and by using revolving loan funds. "Good F9octim- US Department of The Office of Foreign Disaster Assistance has a mandate US Department or Health end Monwl Provldmg Health and Human to save live% alleviate suffering and reduce the social Human Services GuldonccjorReducing Services Agency for and economic impacts of disasters. While the disasters Office of the Asistant Secretary the Risk ofFkods Imenatlonal that OFDA responds to result from a variety of causes, for Pre4parednes and Using Noturol- Development flooding Is the most frequent haard eliciting a respose Response Resource Based from OFDA in an average Year. Respondng to natural 395 E St, SW Techniques dsasters is OFDWs primary role, but OFDA also provides Suite 1075 support to vulnerable camsmunities in developing Washington, DC 20201 Opportunities for Private Funding External grant funding is problematic. The City has no central grants administrator. One of the largest government grants, the $100,000 COPS law enforcement grant, has not been renewed by the State of California. Reductions in staff make seeking grants and administrating them very difficult. External grant funding from private sources has slowed significantly with the recession. The only outside grant for Rosemead came from the San Gabriel/ Los Angeles Rivers and Mountains Conservancy for a new City park. Corporate givers and foundation grant - makers have been adversely affected by the economic downturn that began in 2008. While giving has flattened out or slightly risen since the sharp initial drop in 2008, it has not yet recovered to pre- recession levels. This general trend applies on a national level and also describes grant- making by foundations based in Los Angeles County. City of Rosemead Hazard Mitigation Plan 125 strategies to mitigate the effects of recurrent natural dlostes. Phone: [202)245-0961 Extension Integrated National Instinte of To support research on pest management where Phone: (202) 401 -5048 Pest mpagement Food and Agriculture facilities and practices safeguard and prevent Corrdmodon And (USDA) em4rpmntnal impacts. Routine renovation, www.nifausda.ew Spot reladiiurporl or revtaluation of physical facilities, Including the acchnation and Installation of equipment, where such activity is limited in scope and intensity. Opportunities for Private Funding External grant funding is problematic. The City has no central grants administrator. One of the largest government grants, the $100,000 COPS law enforcement grant, has not been renewed by the State of California. Reductions in staff make seeking grants and administrating them very difficult. External grant funding from private sources has slowed significantly with the recession. The only outside grant for Rosemead came from the San Gabriel/ Los Angeles Rivers and Mountains Conservancy for a new City park. Corporate givers and foundation grant - makers have been adversely affected by the economic downturn that began in 2008. While giving has flattened out or slightly risen since the sharp initial drop in 2008, it has not yet recovered to pre- recession levels. This general trend applies on a national level and also describes grant- making by foundations based in Los Angeles County. City of Rosemead Hazard Mitigation Plan 125 The University of Southern California's Center for Philanthropy and Public Policy issued a report in 2010: "Prospects for Foundation Philanthropy in Los Angeles during Uncertain Times." Authors James Ferris, Jeff Glenn, and Lia Moore wrote, "While there have been recessions in the past that have caused foundations and donors to pause and, in some instances, make adjustments ... the current downturn is unlike recent ones, best evidenced by the decline in private giving from all sources for the last two years." Another issue impacting private funding is the flight of corporations from California and Los Angeles County. In a 2010 study by researchers from UC Berkeley and Cornell University, the connection between corporate flight and local giving were addressed. The study, "The Geography of Giving: The Effect of Corporate Headquarters on Local Charities," was written by David Card, Kevin Hallock, and Enrico Moretti. The authors determined that the presence of corporate headquarters in a community can positively impact the opportunities for private giving to public projects. The report noted that the Los Angeles metropolitan area has "experienced a relatively large decline in the number of headquarters." The decline in corporate and foundation giving, combined with corporate flight, makes the possibility of relying on private funding for mitigation - related projects a difficult proposition. Currently there do not appear to be private grant funding sources for any of the cities within Los Angeles County. City of Rosemead Hazard Mitigation Plan 126 Appendix D: Acronyms Federal Acronyms AASHTO American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials ATC Applied Technology Council b /ca benefit/cost analysis BFE Base Flood Elevation BLM Bureau of Land Management BSSC Building Seismic Safety Council CDBG Community Development Block Grant CFR Code of Federal Regulations CRS Community Rating System EDA Economic Development Administration EPA Environmental Protection Agency ER Emergency Relief EWP Emergency Watershed Protection (MRCS Program) FAS Federal Aid System FEMA Federal Emergency Management Agency FIRM Flood Insurance Rate Map FMA Flood Mitigation Assistance (FEMA Program) FTE Full Time Equivalent GIs Geographic Information System GNS Institute of Geological and Nuclear Sciences (International) GSA General Services Administration HAZUS Hazards U.S. HMGP Hazard Mitigation Grant Program HMST Hazard Mitigation Survey Team HUD Housing and Urban Development (United States, Department of) IBHS Institute for Business and Home Safety ICC Increased Cost of Compliance IHMT Interagency Hazard Mitigation Team NCDC National Climate Data Center NFIP National Flood Insurance Program NFPA National Fire Protection Association NHMP Natural Hazard Mitigation Plan (also known as "409 Plan") NIBS National Institute of Building Sciences NIFC National Interagency Fire Center NMFS National Marine Fisheries Service NOAA National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration NPS National Park Service NRCS Natural Resources Conservation Service NWS National Weather Service SBA Small Business Administration SEAO Structural Engineers Association of Oregon SHMO State Hazard Mitigation Officer TOR Transfer of Development Rights City of Rosemead Hazard Mitigation Plan 127 UGB Urban Growth Boundary URM Unreinforced Masonry USACE United States Army Corps of Engineers USBR United States Bureau of Reclamation USDA United States Department of Agriculture USFA United States Fire Administration USFS United States Forest Service USGS United States Geological Survey WSSPC Western States Seismic Policy Council California Acronyms A &W Alert and Warning AA Administering Areas AAR After Action Report ARC American Red Cross ARP Accidental Risk Prevention ATC20 Applied Technology Council20 ATC21 Applied Technology Council2l BCP Budget Change Proposal BSA California Bureau of State Audits CAER Community Awareness & Emergency Response CalARP California Accidental Release Prevention CalBO California Building Officials CalEMA California Emergency Management Agency (formerly OES) CalEPA California Environmental Protection Agency CaIREP California Radiological Emergency Plan CALSTARS California State Accounting Reporting System CalTRANS California Department of Transportation CBO Community Based Organization CD Civil Defense CDF California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection CDMG California Division of Mines and Geology CEC California Energy Commission CEPEC California Earthquake Prediction Evaluation Council CESRS California Emergency Services Radio System CHIP California Hazardous Identification Program CHMIRS California Hazardous Materials Incident Reporting System CHP California Highway Patrol CLETS California Law Enforcement Telecommunications System CSTI California Specialized Training Institute CUEA California Utilities Emergency Association CUPA Certified Unified Program Agency DAD Disaster Assistance Division (of the state Office of Emergency Svcs) DFO Disaster Field Office DGS California Department of General Services DHSRHB California Department of Health Services, Radiological Health Branch City of Rosemead Hazard Mitigation Plan 128 DO Duty Officer DOC Department Operations Center DOE Department of Energy (U.S.) DOF California Department of Finance DOJ California Department of Justice DPA California Department of Personnel Administration DPIG Disaster Preparedness Improvement Grant DR Disaster Response DSA Division of the State Architect DSR Damage Survey Report DSW Disaster Service Worker DWR California Departmenfof Water Resources EAS Emergency Alerting System EDIS Emergency Digital Information System EERI Earthquake Engineering Research Institute EMA Emergency Management Assistance EMI Emergency Management Institute EMMA Emergency Managers Mutual Aid EMS Emergency Medical Services EOC Emergency Operations Center EOP Emergency Operations Plan EPA Environmental Protection Agency (U.S.) EPEDAT Early Post Earthquake Damage Assessment Tool EPI Emergency Public Information EPIC Emergency Public Information Council ESC Emergency Services Coordinator FAY Federal Award Year FDAA Federal Disaster Assistance Administration FEAT Governor's Flood Emergency Action Team FEMA Federal Emergency Management Agency FFY Federal Fiscal Year FIR Final Inspection Reports FIRESCOPE Firefighting Resources of So. Calif Organized for Potential Emergencies FMA Flood Management Assistance FSR Feasibility Study Report FY Fiscal Year GIs Geographical Information System HAZMAT Hazardous Materials HAZMIT Hazardous Mitigation HAZUS Hazards United States (an earthquake damage assessment prediction tool) HAD Housing and Community Development HEICS Hospital Emergency Incident Command System HEPG Hospital Emergency Planning Guidance HIA Hazard Identification and Analysis Unit HMEP Hazardous Materials Emergency Preparedness HMGP Hazard Mitigation Grant Program City of Rosemead Hazard Mitigation Plan 129 IDE Initial Damage Estimate IA Individual Assistance IFG Individual & Family Grant (program) IRG Incident Response Geographic Information System IPA Information and Public Affairs (of state Office of Emergency Services) LAN Local Area Network LEMMA Law Enforcement Master Mutual Aid LEPC Local Emergency Planning Committee MARAC Mutual Aid Regional Advisory Council MHID Multi- hazard Identification MOU Memorandum of Understanding NBC Nuclear, Biological, Chemical NEMA National Emergency Management Agency NEMIS National Emergency Management Information System NFIP National Flood Insurance Program NOAA National Oceanic and Atmospheric Association NPP Nuclear Power Plant NSF National Science Foundation NWS National Weather Service OA Operational Area OASIS Operational Area Satellite Information System OCC Operations Coordination Center OCD Office of Civil Defense OEP Office of Emergency Planning OSHPD Office of Statewide Health Planning and Development OSPR Oil Spill Prevention and Response PA Public Assistance PC Personal Computer PDA Preliminary Damage Assessment PIO Public Information Office POST Police Officer Standards and Training PPA/CA Performance Partnership Agreement/Cooperative Agreement (FEMA) PSA Public Service Announcement PTAB Planning and Technological Assistance Branch PTR Project Time Report RA Regional Administrator (CALEMA) RADEF Radiological Defense (program) RAMP Regional Assessment of Mitigation Priorities RAPID Railroad Accident Prevention & Immediate Deployment RDO Radiological Defense Officer RDMHC Regional Disaster Medical Health Coordinator REOC Regional Emergency Operations Center REPI Reserve Emergency Public Information RES Regional Emergency Staff RIMS Response Information Management System RMP Risk Management Plan City of Rosemead Hazard Mitigation Plan 130 RPU Radiological Preparedness Unit (CALEMA) RRT Regional Response Team SAM State Administrative Manual SARA Superfund Amendments & Reauthorization Act SAVP Safety Assessment Volunteer Program SBA Small Business Administration SCO California State Controller's Office SEMS Standardized Emergency Management System SEPIC State Emergency Public Information Committee SLA State and Local Assistance SONGS San Onofre Nuclear Generating Station SOP Standard Operating Procedure SWEPC Statewide Emergency Planning Committee TEC Travel Expense Claim TRU Transuranic TTT Train the Trainer UPA Unified Program Account UPS Uninterrupted Power Source USAR Urban Search and Rescue USGS United States Geological Survey WC California State Warning Center WAN Wide Area Network WIPP Waste Isolation Pilot Project City of Rosemead Hazard Mitigation Plan 131 Appendix E: Glossary Acceleration The rate of change of velocity with respect to time. Acceleration due to gravity at the earth's surface is 9.8 meters per second squared. That means that every second that something falls toward the surface of the Earth, its velocity increases by 9.8 meters per second. Asset Any human -made or natural feature that has value, including, but not limited to, people; buildings; infrastructure like bridges, roads, and sewer and water systems; lifelines like electricity and communication resources; or environmental, cultural, or recreational features like parks, dunes, wetlands, or landmarks. Base flood Flood that has a 1 % probability of being equaled or exceeded in any given year. Also known as the 100 -year flood. Base flood Elevation of the base flood in relation to a specified datum, such as the elevation (BFE) National Geodetic Vertical Datum of 1929. The Base Flood Elevation is used as the standard for the National Flood Insurance Program. Bedrock The solid rock that underlies loose material, such as soil, sand, clay, or gravel. Building A structure that is walled and roofed, principally above ground and permanently affixed to a site. The term includes a manufactured home on a permanent foundation on which the wheels and axles carry no weight. Coastal high Area, usually along an open coast, bay, or inlet, that is subject to hazard area inundation by storm surge and, in some instances, wave action caused by storms or seismic sources. Coastal zones The area along the shore where the ocean meets the land as the surface of the land rises above the ocean. This land/water interface includes barrier islands, estuaries, beaches, coastal wetlands, and land areas having direct drainage to the ocean. Community A National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP) program that provides Rating System incentives for NFIP communities to complete activities that reduce flood (CRS) hazard risk. When the community completes specified activities, the insurance premiums of policyholders in these communities are reduced. Computer -Aided A computerized system enabling quick and accurate electronic 2 -D and 3- Design And D drawings, topographic mapping, site plans, and profile /cross- section Drafting (CADD) drawings. Contour A line of equal ground elevation on a topographic (contour) map. City of Rosemead Hazard Mitigation Plan 132 Critical facility Facilities that are critical to the health and welfare of the population and that are especially important following hazard events. Critical facilities include, but are not limited to, shelters, police and fire stations, and hospitals. Debris The scattered remains of assets broken or destroyed in a hazard event. Debris caused by a wind or water hazard event can cause additional damage to other assets. Digitize To convert electronically points, lines, and area boundaries shown on maps into x, y coordinates (e.g., latitude and longitude, universal transverse mercator (UTM), or table coordinates) for use in computer applications. Displacement The average time (in days) that a building's occupants typically must time operate from a temporary location while repairs are made to the original building due to damages resulting from a hazard event. Duration How long a hazard event lasts. Earthquake A sudden motion or trembling that is caused by a release of strain accumulated in or along the edge of earth's tectonic plates. Erosion Wearing away of the land surface by detachment and movement of soil and rock fragments during a flood or storm or over a period of years through the action of wind, water, or other geologic processes. Erosion hazard Area anticipated to be lost to shoreline retreat over a given period of time. area The projected inland extent of the area is measured by multiplying the average annual long -term recession rate by the number of years desired. Essential facility Elements that are important to ensure full recovery of a community or state following a hazard event. These include government functions; major employers; banks; schools; and certain commercial establishments such as grocery stores, hardware stores, and gas stations. Extent The size of an area affected by a hazard or hazard event. Extratropical Cyclonic storm events like Nor'easters and severe winter low - pressure cyclone systems. Both West and East coasts can experience these nontropical storms that produce gale -force winds and precipitation in the form of heavy rain or snow. These cyclonic storms, commonly called Nor'easters on the East Coast because of the direction of the storm winds, can last for several days and can be very large- 1,000 -mile wide storms are not uncommon. Fault A fracture in the continuity of a rock formation caused by a shifting or dislodging of the earth's crust, in which adjacent surfaces are differentially displaced parallel to the plane of fracture. City of Rosemead Hazard Mitigation Plan 133 Federal Independent agency created in 1978 to provide a single point of Emergency accountability for all Federal activities related to disaster mitigation and Management emergency preparedness, response, and recovery. Agency (FEMA) Fire Potential Developed by the U.S. Geological Survey and the U.S. Forest Service to Index (FPI) assess and map fire- hazard potential over broad areas. Based on such geographic information, national policymakers and on- the - ground fire managers established priorities for prevention activities in the defined area to reduce the risk of managed -fire and wildfire ignition and spread. Prediction of fire hazard shortens the time between fire ignition and initial attack by enabling fire managers to pre - allocate and stage suppression forces to high fire risk areas. Flash flood A flood event occurring with little or no warning in which water levels rise at an extremely fast rate. Flood A general and temporary condition of partial or complete inundation of normally dry land areas from (1) the overflow of inland or tidal waters, (2) the unusual and rapid accumulation or runoff of surface waters from any source, or (3) mudflows or the sudden collapse of shoreline land. Flood depth Height of the flood water surface above the ground surface. Flood elevation Elevation of the water surface above an established datum (e.g., National Geodetic Vertical Datum of 1929, North American Vertical Datum of 1988), or Mean Sea Level. Flood hazard area The area shown to be inundated by a flood of a given magnitude on a map. Flood Insurance Map of a community, prepared by the Federal Emergency Management Rate Map Agency (FEMA), that shows both the special flood - hazard areas and the (FIRM) risk premium zones applicable to the community. Flood Insurance A study that provides an examination, evaluation, and determination of Study (FIS) flood hazards and, if appropriate, corresponding water - surface elevations in a community or communities. Floodplain Any land area, including a watercourse, susceptible to partial or complete inundation by water from any source. Frequency A measure of how often events of a particular magnitude are expected to occur. Frequency describes how often a hazard of a specific magnitude, duration, and/or extent typically occurs, on average. Statistically, a hazard with a 100 -year recurrence interval is expected to occur once every 100 years on average, and would have a 1% chance —its probability —of happening in any given year. The reliability of this information varies depending on the kind of hazard being considered. City of Rosemead Hazard Mitigation Plan 134 Fujita Scale of Rates tornadoes with numeric values from FO to F5 (based on tornado Tornado Intensity windspeed and damage sustained). An FO indicates minimal damage such as broken tree limbs or signs, while an F5 indicates severe damage sustained. Functional The average time (in days) during which a function (business or service) downtime is unable to provide its services due to a hazard event. Geographic area The physical area in which the effects of the hazard are experienced. impacted Geographic A computer software application that relates physical features on the earth Information to a database to be used for mapping and analysis. Systems (GIS) Ground motion The vibration or shaking of the ground during an earthquake. When a fault ruptures, seismic waves radiate, causing the ground to vibrate. The severity of the vibration increases with the amount of energy released and decreases with the distance from the causative fault or epicenter, but soft soils can further amplify ground motions. Hazard A source of potential danger or adverse condition. Hazards in this series will include naturally occurring events such as floods, earthquakes, tornadoes, tsunami, coastal storms, landslides, and wildfires that strike populated areas. A natural event is a hazard when it has the potential to harm people or property. Hazard event A specific occurrence of a particular type of hazard. Hazard The process of identifying hazards that threaten an area. identification Hazard mitigation Sustained actions taken to reduce or eliminate long -term risk from hazards and their effects. Hazard profile A description of the physical characteristics of hazards and a determination of various descriptors including magnitude, duration, frequency, probability, and extent. In most cases, a community can most easily use these descriptors when they are recorded and displayed as maps. HAZUS (Hazards A GIS -based nationally standardized earthquake loss- estimation tool U.S.) developed by FEMA. City of Rosemead Hazard Mitigation Plan 135 Hurricane An intense tropical cyclone, formed in the atmosphere over warm ocean areas, in which wind speeds reach 74- miles - per -hour or more and blow in a large spiral around a relatively calm center or "eye." Hurricanes develop over the north Atlantic Ocean, northeast Pacific Ocean, or the south Pacific Ocean east of 160 °E longitude. Hurricane circulation is counterclockwise in the Northern Hemisphere and clockwise in the Southern Hemisphere. Hydrology The science of dealing with the waters of the earth. A flood discharge is developed by a hydrologic study. Infrastructure Refers to the public services of a community that have a direct impact on the quality of life. Infrastructure includes communication technology such as phone lines or Internet access, vital services such as public water supplies and sewer- treatment facilities, and includes an area's transportation system such as airports, heliports; highways, bridges, tunnels, roadbeds, overpasses, railways, bridges, rail yards, depots; and waterways, canals, locks, seaports, ferries, harbors, drydocks, piers and regional dams. Intensity A measure of the effects of a hazard event at a particular place. Landslide Downward movement of a slope and materials under the force of gravity. Lateral spreads Lateral spreads develop on gentle slopes and entail the sidelong movement of large masses of soil as an underlying layer liquefies in a seismic event. The phenomenon that occurs when ground shaking causes loose soils to lose strength and act like viscous fluid. Liquefaction causes two types of ground failure: lateral spread and loss of bearing strength. Liquefaction Results when the soil supporting structures liquefies. This can cause structures to tip and topple. Lowest floor Under the National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP), the lowest floor of the lowest enclosed area (including the basement) of a structure. Magnitude A measure of the strength of a hazard event. The magnitude (also referred to as severity) of a given hazard event is usually determined using technical measures specific to the hazard. Mitigation Plan A systematic evaluation of the nature and extent of vulnerability to the effects of natural hazards typically present in the state and includes a description of actions to minimize future vulnerability to hazards. National Flood Federal program created by Congress in 1968 that makes flood insurance Insurance available in communities that enact minimum floodplain- management Program (NFIP) regulations in 44 CFR §60.3. City of Rosemead Hazard Mitigation Plan 136 National Datum established in 1929 and used in the National Flood Insurance Geodetic Vertical Program (NFIP) as a basis for measuring flood, ground, and structural Datum of 1929 elevations, previously referred to as Sea Level Datum or Mean Sea Level. (NGVD) The Base Flood Elevations shown on most of the Flood Insurance Rate Maps issued by the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) are referenced to NGVD. National Weather Prepares and issues flood, severe - weather, and coastal -storm warnings Service (NWS) and can provide technical assistance to federal and state entities in preparing weather and flood - warning plans. Nor'easter An extra - tropical cyclone producing gale -force winds and precipitation in the form of heavy snow or rain. Outflow Outflows follow water inundation creating strong currents that rip at structures and pound them with debris, and erode beaches and coastal structures. Planimetric Describes maps that indicate only human -made features like buildings. Planning The act or process of making or carrying out plans; the establishment of goals, policies, and procedures for a social or economic unit. Probability A statistical measure of the likelihood that a hazard event will occur. Recurrence The time between hazard events of similar size in a given location. It is interval based on the probability that the given event will be equaled or exceeded in any given year. Repetitive loss A property that is currently insured for which two or more National Flood property Insurance Program (NFIP) losses (occurring more than 10 days apart) of at least $1,000 each have been paid within any 10 -year period since 1978. Replacement The cost of rebuilding a structure. This is usually expressed in terms of value cost per square foot, and reflects the present -day cost of labor and materials to construct a building of a particular size, type, and quality. Richter Scale A numerical scale of earthquake magnitude devised by seismologist C.F. Richter in 1935. Risk The estimated impact that a hazard would have on people, services, facilities, and structures in a community; the likelihood of a hazard event resulting in an adverse condition that causes injury or damage. Risk is often expressed in relative terms such as a high, moderate, or low likelihood of sustaining damage above a particular threshold due to a specific type of hazard event. It also can be expressed in terms of potential monetary losses associated with the intensity of the hazard. Riverine Of or produced by a river. City of Rosemead Hazard Mitigation Plan 137 Scale A proportion used in determining a dimensional relationship; the ratio of the distance between two points on a map and the actual distance between the two points on the earth's surface. Scarp A steep slope. Scour Removal of soil or fill material by the flow of flood waters. The term is frequently used to describe storm- induced, localized conical erosion around pilings and other foundation supports where the obstruction of flow increases turbulence. Seismicity Describes the likelihood of an area being subject to earthquakes. Special Flood An area in a floodplain having a I% or greater chance of flood occurrence Hazard Area in any given year (100 -year floodplain); represented on Flood Insurance (SFHA) Rate Maps by darkly shaded areas with zone designations that include the letter A or V. Stafford Act The Robert T. Stafford Disaster Relief and Emergency Assistance Act, PL 100 -107 was signed into law November 23, 1988 and amended the Disaster Relief Act of 1974, PL 93 -288. The Stafford Act is the statutory authority for most federal disaster- response activities, especially as they pertain to the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) and its programs. State Hazard The representative of state government who is the primary point of Mitigation contact with Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA), other Officer (SHMO) state and federal agencies, and local units of government in the planning and implementation of pre- and post- disaster mitigation activities. Storm surge Rise in the water surface above normal water level on the open coast due to the action of wind stress and atmospheric pressure on the water surface. Structure Something constructed. (See also Building) Substantial Damage of any origin sustained by a structure in a Special Flood Hazard damage Area whereby the cost of restoring the structure to its before - damaged condition would equal or exceed 50% of the market value of the structure before the damage. Super typhoon A typhoon with maximum sustained winds of 150 mph or more. Surface faulting The differential movement of two sides of a fracture; in other words, the location where the ground breaks apart. The length, width, and displacement of the ground characterize surface faults. Tectonic plate Torsionally rigid, thin segments of the earth's lithosphere that may be assumed to move horizontally and adjoin other plates. It is the friction between plate boundaries that cause seismic activity. City of Rosemead Hazard Mitigation Plan 138 Topographic Characterizes maps that show natural features and indicate the physical shape of the land using contour lines. These maps may also include human- made-features. Tomado A violently rotating column of air extending from a thunderstorm to the ground. Tropical cyclone A generic term for a cyclonic, low- pressure system over tropical or subtropical waters. Tropical A tropical cyclone with maximum sustained winds of less than 39 mph. depression Tropical storm A tropical cyclone with maximum sustained winds greater than 39 mph and less than 74 mph. Tsunami A great sea wave produced by submarine earth movement or volcanic eruption. Typhoon A special category of tropical cyclone peculiar to the western North Pacific Basin, frequently affecting areas in the vicinity of Guam and the North Mariana Islands. Typhoons with maximum sustained winds attaining or exceeding 150 mph are called super typhoons. Vulnerability Describes how exposed or susceptible to damage an asset is. Vulnerability depends on an asset's construction, contents, and the economic value of its functions. Like indirect damages, the vulnerability of one element of the community is often related to the vulnerability of another. For example, many businesses depend on uninterrupted electrical power. If an electric substation is flooded, it will affect not only the substation itself, but a number of businesses as well. Often, indirect effects can be much more widespread and damaging than direct ones. Vulnerability The extent of injury and damage that may result from a hazard event of a assessment given intensity in a given area. The vulnerability assessment should address impacts of hazard events on the existing and future built environment. Water When a large mass of earth on the ocean bottom sinks or uplifts, the displacement column of water directly above it is displaced, forming the tsunami wave. The rate of displacement, motion of the ocean floor at the epicenter, the amount of displacement of the rupture zone, and the depth of water above the rupture zone all contribute to the intensity of the tsunami. Wave run -up The height that the wave extends up to on steep shorelines, measured above a reference level (the normal height of the sea, corrected to the state of the tide at the time of wave arrival). Wildfire An uncontrolled fire spreading through vegetative fuels, exposing and possibly consuming structures. City of Rosemead Hazard Mitigation Plan 139 Zone A geographical area shown on a Flood Insurance Rate Map (FIRM) that reflects the severity or type of flooding in the area. City of Rosemead Hazard Mitigation Plan 140